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Seven Colleges of DU
Subject: American Poetry
Suggestion
Exam â 2019
Part â B
- How is âO Captain my Captainâ an elegy?
- how does Walt Whitman express his grief over the death of the captain?
- Write a short note on Dickinsonâs treatment of the theme immortality.
- How can the poem âWild Nights â Wild Nightsâ be regarded as a poem of mystic experience?
- How long will the poet continue drinking the alcohol or nectar from nature?
- Critically analyze the poem âI Felt a Funeral in my Brainâ.
- Write a short note on the rural setting of Robert Frost.
- What message do you get from the death of the Hired Man?
- What message does Frost convey through the poem âMending Wallâ?
- Was Robert Frost wise in choosing the road less travelled by?
- Discuss the liberal attitude of Langston Hughes.
- Discuss the symbolic elements of Langston Hughes poetry.
- How was the singer singing on Lenox Avenue at night?
- What did Langston Hughes learn from his visit in the rivers?
Part â C
- Discuss Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature. (V.V.I)
Or, Discuss Dickinsonâs attitude to nature. - Comment on Dickinsonâs Mysticism. (V.V.I)
- Death as the Recurring Symbol of Dickinson’s Poetry- Discuss.
- Discuss the major themes of Emily Dickinsonâs poetry
- Discuss when Lilacs Last at the Dooryard Bloomed as an elegy. (V.V.I)
- Discuss Walt Whitman as a modern poet. (V.V.I)
- Discuss Whitman as a poet of democracy. (V.V.I)
- Evaluate Frost as a poet of man or common man. (V.V.I)
- Discuss the theme of alienation in Robert Frostâs poetry. (V.V.I)
- Discuss major themes of Langston Hughes poetry (V.V.I)
- Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost (V.V.I)
- Discuss the anti-racial elements in Langston Hughes’s poetry.
N: B: If you want to better in the exam, you will have to read the brief questions three times.
Part – A
- How does the poet express the steadiness of her heart in the matter of her love?
Ans: By comparing her heart to an anchored ship. - What is the funeral service like, as the poet feels?
Ans: Like the performance of stamp. - What does Emily Dickinson mean when she says, âI taste a liquorâ?
Ans: She symbolically expresses her spiritual ecstasy, perhaps, her mystic union with God through her absorption in the beauties of Nature. - What does the poet ask her gray-brown bird to do?
Ans: To sing on. - What does the poet ask the captain to do?
Ans: To rise-up and hear the bells that the people are ringing out of exultation. - How does the poet like to go toward heaven?
Ans: By climbing the black branches of the birch trees. - What did Warren remark about Silasâ worth as a servant?
Ans: He remarked that Silas was no good, and there was nobody to hire him at his old age for the little he could do. - Who was Harold Wilson?
Ans: A schoolboy who worked with Silas at Warrenâs farm for four years. - What does the poet mean when he says, âI have seen you taken and tossedâ?
Ans: He means that he has seen the tree being blown over by wind. - What is the full name of Abe Lincoln?
Ans: Abraham Lincoln. - What do you understand by âThe Bluesâ?
Ans: âThe Bluesâ means the feeling of despair. - What do you understand by the expression, âHe made the poor piano moan with melodyâ?
Ans: It means that the poet was playing on the piano and a melancholy song was being produced. - What does the poet mean by âluxuryâ?
Ans: By the word, she means unbounded sexual pleasures. - What was Dickinsonâs idea about Liquor?
Ans: By Liquor, she symbolically signified the beauty of nature. - What is the poet intoxicated about?
Ans: About air, and debauchee of dew. - How does the poet describe the bird?
Ans: The poet describes the bird as a hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding all the settlements. - Who does Whitman call Captain?
Ans: Abraham Lincoln. - Who was Warren?
Ans: Warren was Maryâs husband; Silas worked in his farm. - What did Mary tell her husband about Silas?
Ans: Mary told her husband to be kind to Silas. - Where did Mary send Warren?
Ans: To Silas to see how bad Silasâ condition was. - What does the tree in âTree at my Windowâ stand for?
Ans: The tree stands for nature. - How does Mary define home?
Ans: Home is âsomethingâ which one âsomehowâ has not âto deserveâ. - Where is Harlem?
Ans: It is a neighborhood in New York City inhabited mostly by African-Americans. - What and where is New Orleans?
Ans: It is one of the states in America. - Why did Silas leave his job with Warren?
Ans: Because Warren refused to enhance his salary. - What does Dickinson mean when she says, âI taste a liquorâ?
Ans: She doesnât mean any alcoholic drink rather she signifies the beauty of nature by it. - What happens when a dream is deferred?
Ans: It loses freshness and vitality. - What does Whitman offer to the coffin?
Ans: He offers to the coffin the spring of Lilac that he broke from the lilac-bush. - What is an Elegy?
Ans: Elegy is a lyric poem which laments over the deaths. - What are the rivers in the poem The Negro Speaks of the Rivers?
Ans: The Euphrates, the Congo, the Nile, the Mississippi. - Whom did Dickinson feel moving âto and froâ in I felt a Funeral in my Brain?
Ans: The mourners. - Why does the poet call grass as âhoary grassâ?
Ans: To convey the uselessness of grass comparing to apples. - What does âwallâ symbolize in the poem Mending Wall?
Ans: Separation and alienation. - What does âfearful tripâ refer to in the poem O Captain My Captain?
Ans: It refers to Lincolnâs adventurous steps to the abolition of slavery in America. - What is the dream of the speaker in the poem I Too Sing America?
Ans: He dreams that someday he will sit at the table of brotherhood with the whitemen. - Where is the funeral taking place?
Ans: In poetâs brain. - Who is Walt Whitman?
Ans: Great American poet of the 19th century, the author of the elegy O Captain My Captain. - Who was Silas?
Ans: Silas was the âhired manâ of Warren and Mary. He worked on their farm. - What does âWild Nightsâ symbolize?
Ans: It is the symbol of unbounded sexual pleasures. - Who was Abraham Lincoln?
Ans: 16th president of America. - Why did the poet take the other road?
Ans: Because it had better claim; it was grassy and untrodden. - How does Whitman welcome death?
Ans: By chanting a song for death and inviting death to come upon all. - What does the poet ask his body and soul to do?
Ans: The see his own land, Manhattan. - What does the Lilac-bush look like?
Ans: It is tall-growing plant with heart-shaped leaves of green colored. - Why does Whitman address Abraham Lincoln as a captain?
Ans: Because the poet conceives of America as a ship and Lincoln as its captain. - What inspired Hughes to write The Negro Speaks of the Rivers?
Ans: The beautiful sight of the Mississippi river. - What forced the branches of Birches bend?
Ans: Ice. - What does Frost mean by the two roads?
Ans: Two choices in life. - What is rowing in the sea like?
Ans: It is like rowing in Eden. - Who does the poet repeat the word treading?
Ans: To convey the idea that the mourners treading is greatly grating on her(poetâs) nerves. - How is the captain lying on the deck of the ship?
Ans: The captain is lying on the deck dead and cold, there is a huge bleeding from his body. It indicates that he was shot dead by an assassin. - How will Whitman perfume the grave of the dead person he loved?
Ans: With the sea-winds blown from East to West, and the breath of the poetâs chants. - How did Warren define home?
Ans: âHome is the place where, when you have to go there, they have to take you in.â - Why did Mary tell Warren not to talk loudly?
Ans: Because Silasâ sleep might be disturbed. - What change in outlook of the white people does the speaker expect to happen in the future?
Ans: The speaker expects that the white people will change their attitude of looking upon the black people; they should consider them as fellow Americans. - Who is Langston Hughes?
Ans: Great black American poet of the 20th century. - Who is Robert Frost?
Ans: An American poet. - What is mysticism?
Ans: Sacred communion with God. - What does the âbluesâ stand for in the poem Weary Blues?
Ans: Real life blues song of the black people. - Who are good neighbors?
Ans: In Mending Wall, âGood fences make good neighborsâ - How does Langston Hughes react to the melancholy song of the Negro?
Ans: Reacts emotionally and utters âO Blues!â. - What shall Walt Whitman mourn for with ever retuning spring?
Ans: The poet shall mourn for the trinity- lilacs blooming perennially, drooping star, and the thought of Lincoln. - What is the right place for love?
Ans: The Earth. - Why was Mary waiting for her husband?
Ans: To give him the news that Silas is back. - Who lies âfallen cold and deadâ?
Ans: Abraham Lincoln. - What happened to the captain?
Ans: He was assassinated. - Where was the Negro playing on a Piano?
Ans: At Lenox Avenue in New York City. - How did the Negro singer sleep?
Ans: Like a rock or a dead man. - Where were âthe Bluesâ coming from?
Ans: From the soul of a black man. - Why was the poet sorry?
Ans: Because he could not travel two roads at the same time.
Part â B
- Discuss âO Captain! My Captain!â as an elegy.
Introduction: The word âelegyâ comes from the Greek word âelegosâ meaning âsongâ. Elegy is a poem or song that expresses sadness, especially for someone who has died. âO Captain! My Captain!â is a short poem in the form of an elegy.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋâ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ âāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸â āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ âāĻāĻžāĻ¨â āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ âO Captain! My Captain!â āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
The Function of Elegy: The most powerful tool in elegiac poetry is to rely on the memory of those who no longer live. Most of the poets who have written elegiac poems are obviously amazed at the weakness of man and how the world at one stage completely forgets about the dead. So, from a functional point of view, âO Captain! My Captain! is a perfect paradigm of an elegiac poem because it commemorates the death of Abraham Lincoln.
āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§, “āĻšā§ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ! āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ! āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Creating a gloomy atmosphere: The elegiac poets create a dusky atmosphere at the outset of the poem so that mourn can be expressed deeply. In grieving for the death of the beloved leader, the poet at first looks at the shore where the audience is delighted and then he looks at the deck of the ship where the dead body of his beloved leader is lying down.
âWhere on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.â
āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĄā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻš āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
âāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§
āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤“
Lyrical quality: Though the poem has been written in an unusual rhyme pattern, it is not devoid of lyrical quality.
âHere Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
Elegant language and structure: One of the most important features of elegy is elegant language and strong structure. The language used in the poem is very rich such as captain, heart, exult, and so on. The poem has a cyclic structure. It can be divided into three cycles or levels.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Questions about nature of life, death and immortality of soul: The elegy raises questions regarding the nature of life, death and immortality of soul. The poem suggests the American to lead a praiseworthy and sacrificial life like Abraham Lincoln but the type of death that has snatched away the life of the beloved leader must be prevented though his soul is immortal. Thus, this poem is an elegy.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§: āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
Consolation: The most significant feature of the elegy is consolation by the end of the poem. The poet provides the note of consolation by spreading his feelings of sadness and pride.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: Generally, elegies are identified by different types of features. The poem “O Captain! My Captain! fulfills the fundamental characteristics of elegy. The above thesis-based negotiation proves it.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤, āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ “āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨! āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸-āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
2. How does Walt Whitman express his grief over the death of the captain?
Introduction: Walt Whitman is a modern poet and poet of democracy. He is an initiative writer. As an initiative writer, his expression of grief is unique. A critical analysis of the poem âO Captain! My Captain! will prove his unique expression of grief.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ âO Captain! My Captain! āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤
Critical summary of the poem: The poem evokes a single word to the speaker’s newly deceased captain, once mourning the safe and successful return of their ship and the death of its great leader. At the first level, the speaker expresses relief that at last the ship has reached its own port and the audience is delighted. Despite the celebrations on a successful journey, the speaker reveals that his captain’s body is lying on the deck. At the second level, the speaker requests the captain to “get up and hear the bell”, but the dead leader cannot hear his calling and rejoice the winning moment. Everyone is worried about the captain, and the speaker admits that his death has been felt like a nightmare. In the final stage, the speaker spread his feelings of sadness and pride.
Critical summary of the poem: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻš āĻĄā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻā§ “āĻāĻ ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§” āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: So, now we can understand that the poet has expressed his grief in an elegiac form that is a blend of mourn, praise, consolation, and pride.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§āĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤
3. Comment on Theme of Immortality in Dickinson’s Poetry
Introduction: Dickinson (1830-1884) is well known as a unique poet in the history of English literature. Sheâs unparalleled in respect of the theme of immortality in more than five hundred poems.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (1830-1884) āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻāĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Life is a Journey: According to Emily Dickinson, our life is racing to the eternal life that is from materialistic world to death. She asserts that our life is a circle which is running like a horse. Our born signifies the fact that we must be die. We are passing our childhood, our youth and our old age that pulls us towards death. So, she says,
âI heard a Fly buzzâwhen I diedâ
Thus, she proves the term âLife is a Journeyâ.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻļāĻŦ, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨,
“āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ – āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ”
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ “āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ”āĨ¤
Love is an Enduring Entity: According to Dickinson, man can be immortal through love. This love is not the sensational love. It is spiritual love and love for God, love for universality. She says:
Unable are the loved to die,
For love is immortality.
The poet has claimed the spiritual love in the poem âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ. She declares that if she can spend a sweet night with her beloved, she can make a spiritual love with him.
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§,
âāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻž
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦâ
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ “āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Immortality is the earthly vision of haunting reality: This term is perfectly sketched in the poem âI taste a liquor never brewedâ. The poet has told that gaining everlasting life of human beings is a hauntingreality. Because human beings devote their life for money, wealth and power. This picture is the reflection of contemporary time of Dickinson when America was corrupted, drug addicted, unsocial and attracted by sexual abuse. But they could get immortality through the closest relation with nature. Because nature is the only way to reach to god in this corrupted world. Their persuasion after worldly things is called hauntingreality.
āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž: “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ, āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĨ¤
Firm Faith in Immortality of Soul: In the poem âI felt a Funeral in My Brainâ, the poet asserts about the immortality of soul. After the death, human beings can see the mourners and their movement which is meditated by the poet in this poem. They can see because, any soul either good or bad never dies. So, the poet here suggests the spiritual development or regeneration for human being and firm believe in the immortality of human soul.
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸: “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: It is clear that Dickinson represents sundry themes to meet his concept of immortality.
4. How can the poem âWild Nights â Wild Nightsâ be regarded as a poem of mystic experience?
Introduction: “Wild nights – wild nights!” is a poem by Emily Dickinson. In this short but powerful poem, the speaker is eager to share the “wild nights” with the missing lover.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: “āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ – āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤!” āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ “āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤” āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĨ¤
Love is an Enduring Entity: According to Dickinson, man can be immortal through love. This love is not the sensational love. It is spiritual love and love for God, love for universality. The poet has claimed the spiritual love in the poem âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ. She declares that if she can spend a sweet night with her beloved, she can make a spiritual love with him. Here in this poem, beloved does not only mean conjugal life, but it may be the love with friends or God. The poet has referred Eden as the heaven in the poem âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ. Through loving god, man can conquer heaven and can be immortal.
Rowing in Eden-
Ah- the sea!
Might I but moor â tonight-
In thee!
In these lines, the poet means to say that staying with oneâs beloved for long time is like rowing in heaven. As the people love god at most by which they may persuade to immortality after their death.
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ “āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ “āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĄā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž –
āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° !
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§-
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ !
āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: The speaker of the poem wants to be close to God or another person. On this note, when the poem was first published in 1891, publishers feared that the romanticism of the poem might surprise the common man. But now this poem is one of the best examples of mysticism.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ 1891 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
5. How long will the poet continue drinking the alcohol or nectar from nature?
Introduction: “I taste a liquor never brewed” is one of the few poems published in 1861 in Dickinson’s lifetime. In this poem, the speaker has expressed the mystic concept of drinking.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž” āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 1861-āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
The duration of drinking: Emily Dickinson’s “I taste a liquor never brewed” is about being completely drunk and life. On a glorious summer day, the speaker of the poem imagines drinking so deeply and joyfully in the beauty of nature that even angels rush to their windows to see the speaker’s happy impish.
The poet has also told that gaining everlasting life of human beings is a haunting reality. Because human beings devote their life to money, wealth, and power. This picture is the reflection of the contemporary time of Dickinson when America was corrupted, drug-addicted, unsocial, and attracted by sexual abuse. But they could get immortality through the closest relation with nature. Because nature is the only way to reach to god in this corrupted world. Their persuasion after worldly things is called haunting reality.
āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° “I taste a liquor never brewed” āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ, āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĨ¤
Conclusion: An ordinary day has become exalted through the nature-drunkenness of the speaker, and the heavenly creatures have become the neighbors next to the speaker. So, till the time of purification, the nectar will be drunk.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
6. Critically analyze the poem âI Felt a Funeral in my Brainâ.
Introduction: Emily Dickinson wrote “I felt a funeral in my brain”, in her most creative time. The poem uses the characteristic use of Dickinson’s metaphor and an experimental metaphor to explore the issues of madness, despair, and the irrational nature of the universe.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ”āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ, āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Investigation of cosmic mysteries: Dickinson depicts an ongoing series of events surrounding a “funeral” that unfolds within the speaker. Starting deep in the speakerâs mind, the poem gradually expands into an investigation of cosmic mysteries whose answers come only in the form of silence.
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ “āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻž” āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
Unbearable pressure: The speaker feels as if a funeral service is going on in his own mind. Funeral attendants seem to be searching the back of the speaker’s head so that what they are running is very unbearable to the speaker because they are very noisy though there is no single word uttered by the funeral attendants. Such an unbearable pressure must be felt by the sinners.
āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻĒ: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
An Inevitable Journey of Life: This poem as whole highlights that life is nothing but an inevitable journey towards death. That is why in âI Felt the Funeral in My Brainâ, Dickinson warns the American people that they should not be involved in corruption, illicit love affair, alcoholing, and criminal activity because death is inevitable. If they think of death, they can never be involved in such activities.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ” āĻ¤ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Conclusion: In fine, we can say as it is inevitable to taste the taste of death for all creatures of this universe, life should be led in a mystic way so that immortality can be achieved.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
7. Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost
Introduction: Pastoralism which is a term of literature contrasts between simple and complicated life. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a pastoral poet but he has not followed the conventions and traditions of pastoral poetry. He has invented his own methods of composing pastoral poetry and has been successful in doing so. As result of his invention, he has become a pastoral and modern poet at the same time.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ (1874-1963) āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Frostâs pastoralism is not an escape from reality: Many readers may think that Frostâs pastoralism is an attempt to escape from the real world to ideal world. He returns from the city life to rural life to examine city life more deeply. Rural life is an artistic perspective for him from where he can analyze the complicated and problematic urban life. In his poems, Robert Frost contrasts human life and mechanical power by his unique pastoral setting.
āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ: āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻšā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
Pastoralism connected with romantic vision: Pastoralism is usually connected with romantic vision. The common place objects and scenery are idealized, glorified and tinged with imagination. Though Frost has a strong passion for pastoralism, realism forms the basis of vision and art because his poetry is loaded with suggestion. Frostâs romantic vision has made him classic in term of forms and interpretation of life based on realistic interests.
āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤: āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: To conclude, Frost is a pastoral poet with a difference as he has adopted a pastoral setting only to differentiate between simplicity and complexity.
8. What message do you get from the death of the Hired Man?
Introduction: The Poem entitled “The Death of the Hired Man” has been written by a great American poet Robert Frost. This is a long narrative poem about death and subsequent guilt. It was first published in 1914.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻĢ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨” āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ 1914 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
The key concept of the poem: The poem speaks of a poor former employee who leaves his employers at a reasonable time and returns to his poor condition. It further explains how his master’s cold reaction leads him to death. The poem also talks about the effects of forgiveness and power.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Death as representative: The poem focuses on the unfortunate death of a poor man who dies helplessly on his master’s farm. The poem begins with a conversation of a rural couple; Wife Mary tells her husband Warren that their former employee has returned to apologize. Mary wants her husband to forgive their poor laborer, although Warren does not want to take Silas back because he has always disappointed him. Thus, it is now understood that just moments before death, man can find his faults like Silas and become a poor candidate for an apology.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Representation of ideal mentality: Mary constantly tries to convince her husband that Silas is in a miserable condition and comes to us to die. Since Warren has not seen Silas during his illness, he is still angry that Silas had broken promises in the past several times. He simply does not want to give a second chance to someone who has already broken his faith. On the other hand, the woman does not give up and finally persuades her husband to take this poor man inside. Unfortunately, when Warren goes to get Silas, Silas has already died. So, here it is evident that a human being of a good mentality can even change a stubborn mentality to a sympathetic mentality.
āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§, āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: Now we can conclude that the message of the poem is; timely forgiveness can save a man’s life.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
9. What message does Frost convey through the poem âMending Wallâ?
Introduction: Robert Frost who is a great American poet has written the poem “Mending Wall”. This is a thought-provoking poem about human limitations and their advantages in society. It was first published in 1914. Since the publication of the poem, it has gained a lot of popularity around the world due to its simple yet profound subject matter.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ “āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
The key concept of the poem: The poem is about two neighbors who meet every spring to repair the stone wall that separates their farms. It also explains how good fences make good neighbors and how we can build long-lasting relationships with neighbors. In a broad sense, it teaches how we can build lasting international relations.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
The message of the poem: This poem is about the activity of fixing the wall every spring by the speaker and his neighbor. The narrator of the poem thinks that there is no need for boundaries because both of them have nothing valuable to keep on the lawn. They just have trees. To him, fixing the wall is a pointless activity. He observes the falling of stones from the wall and comments that even nature is not in favor of this fence. However, his neighbor tries to argue with his traditions. He firmly claims that boundaries and distances are essential for a relationship to work. But what fascinates the reader is the message that the poet conveys that most relationships can work well with limitations.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ° āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: To conclude, we are just stunned by the far-reaching vision of Robert Frost. Today, the USA has become a dreamy country for the people of the whole world because of its limitations and good governance.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
10. Is or Was Robert Frost wise in choosing the road less travelled by?
Introduction: The poem “The Road Not Taken” has been written by Robert Frost and was published in 1961 as the first poem in the collection of poetry entitled “Mountain Interval”. This is an ambiguous poem that helps readers think about the choices they make in life.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ “āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ˛” āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Nostalgia for life choices: This poem is about life from the perspective of a young storyteller.The poem is about the uncertainty and confusion of the human mind about what they can do while standing on the brink of choosing. This is because life is full of choices and the choices we make define the whole course of our lives. Similarly, the narrator encounters a situation during his travel. He finds two roads where he has to choose one and follow his choice. He thinks he can come back to travel on another road again. However, he also has a feeling that his choice will lead him to face new events and challenges. Although he has some regrets about his choice, he realizes that the things he encountered and the places he went to made all the difference in his life because of this path.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: Outwardly, Robert Frost may seem wrong in his choice but the hidden message of the poem is that he is successful because his choice has taught him something new, different, and innovative.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
11. Discuss the liberal attitude of Langston Hughes.
Introduction: Langston Hughes is one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance. He believes in using his art to get his feelings about politics and justice. He travels to other countries to learn how to deal with ethnic issues. Despite his own liberal beliefs, Hughes defends himself on behalf of African American workers who hold more conservative views.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŽ āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
The liberal attitude expressed in his poems: In almost all the poems of Langston Hughes, we get his strong liberalism. In his most powerful poem “I Too Sing America”, his liberal attitude has got expressed acutely with full of confidence. The poem is singularly significant evidence of the museumâs mission to tell the history of the United States through the lanes of the African-American experience. That history took shape in the early twentieth century when Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation across the Southern United States.
Just 18 lines of it contain multiple themes such as inequality, racial discrimination, and hope. These themes express African-American relations with the majority culture and society. The poet has been shocked by the utmost discriminatory relationships but never loses hope that is why he proclaims confidently:
“Tomorrow,
Iâll be at the table”
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻāĻ āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž” āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 18 āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
“āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛,
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦ “
Conclusion: To express his liberal attitude, Langston Hughes has written a number of protest poems which are the paradigm of peaceful revolution.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
12. Discuss the symbolic elements of Langston Hughes poetry.
N.B: This is a broad question and you have to cut it short.
Introduction: Langston Hughes’s poetry depicts the environment of African Americans in the 1920s. As a member of the small ethnic community, he has been nearly forced to adopt a symbolic writing technique for the purpose of expressing his liberal attitude though the symbolism is the soul of modern English poetry.
Symbolic imagery in Langston Hughes’ poetry: There is hardly a poem of Hughes which does not have any symbolic significance but the poem “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is such a poem in which metaphorical statements based on symbols have been used throughout the poem. The multifarious symbolic meanings of this have been especially applied to identify the identity of African Americans.
The symbols of the old rivers: The old rivers can be interpreted in a variety of ways. They represent the birth and growth of African American culture and the most significant moments of their past. The words written in this poem represent the pride and wisdom of a group of outstanding people and this group is certainly the Negro Community.
Great use of pronoun: Throughout the poem, Hughes like Walt Whitman has used the word “I” to declare confidently that the Negro community is fully connected to America’s struggles and success stories.
The birth of life and the beginning of civilization: In the fourth line of the poem, Hughes talks about the Euphrates River. This river is the symbol of the birth of life and the beginning of civilization. This river represents the youth of African Americans. Hughes then speaks of the Congo River in Africa. This is the home image of many African Americans. It represents a place of tranquility and peace in their lives.
Inauguration of slavery: Hughes writes about the river Nile and the Great Pyramid of Egypt. The pyramids can be seen as a symbol of the slavery of many people because of the slave labor that led to the creation of this great structure. And the river Nile that is situated in the Continent of Africa is considered to be the gateway of culture and civilization.
Versatile symbolic use of Mississippi River: Finally, there is writing about the great Mississippi River. Many symbols come from this river. To many whites, it represents prosperity, especially during the Civil War when the slave trade was one of the mainstays of the economy. This river to many African Americans may represent the oppression of their people.
Hope and freedom: The panorama of Abe Lincoln riding on the Mississippi can be seen as a symbol of hope and freedom to the slaves of the South. The fact that he comes to the banks of this particular river represents the time of the coming change.
Conclusion: To conclude, Langston Hughes has been a fabulous narrative poet like a novelist by dint of his symbolism. He has a complete touch of creative genius from the natural sources, small things and incidents. His life long struggle is the consequence of the top position of the Negroes in America at present.
N.B: The rest of the short questions of the suggestion of PRC Foundation and excluding our suggestion for you better preparation have to be solved by your own effort because we want to make you creative one, not a parrot. And one thing more, we ensure you 100% that if you read our question-answers with complete understanding and realization, you must cut a good figure in your exam.
Part-C
1. Discuss the major themes of Emily Dickinsonâs poetry
Introduction: Theme is the fundamental fact for any literary work. It can be considered to be the backbone of success. Emily Dickinson has a versatile creative genius to handle different kinds of themes in her poetry. Here her theme management is described with points and illustrations.
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Nature: Dickinson has written poems based on nature and the natural world. To get heavenly pleasure, she respects nature as a phenomenon. In her poems, nature reveals the mystic of god, immortality, and death. In her celebrated poem, I Taste a Liquor never Brewedâ she recounts the natural beauty. Again, in this poem, she exposes the hidden reality of immortality. The poet is enjoying the summer season. To enjoy the beauty of summer, she drinks a liquid that tastes like wine and more taste than alcohol that is made beside the river Rhine. It provides pleasure to the poet and intoxicates the poet more than wine.
âInebriate of air â am I â
And Debauchee of Dew ââ
She is drunk with the wind. From a mystic point of view, she presents the sun as a lamp post. To get close contact with God, she depicts the mysticism of nature.
Dickinson in her love poems presents nature. In âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ, she talks about the sea. âBecause I could not stop for deathâ is especially based on immortality and death. She can see the playing children, green fields, and sunset which represents childhood, youth, and old age. The representation of nature exposes the romanticism of Dickinson but she never forgets to exercise mysticism.
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“āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ – “
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Love: Dickinson converses about love but she does not give priority to sensational love. To connect with God, spiritual love is needed. Basically, Dickinson talks about spiritual love but in her poem âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ, she sometimes talks about sensational love.
Rowing in Eden –
Ah – the Sea!
Might I but moor – tonight –
In thee!
Here in this poem, the poet refers to âtheeâ. According to the critics, âtheeâ means beloved person here, the person who may be black and white, tall or short does not matter. To Dickinson, it is the luxurious fact to pass a night with a loveable person. To remain close to the desired person is comparable to rowing in the sea of heaven. Though in this poem, the poet talks about sensational love but mysticism is again revealed. She remembers Eve and Adam or biblical characters.
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āĻŦā§āĻšā§āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ !
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ – āĻāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ –
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ !
āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ “āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§” āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, “āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Immortality and Death: The striking feature of Dickinsonâs poetry is the themes of immortality and death. In her poem âI felt funeral in my brainâ, immortality and death are expressed. Here in this poem, a funeral is used for mourning and mourning comes from death. The poet here reveals the psychological death of the human mind. She speculates death in her 500 early poems. The spiritual development of the mind, sufferings, and pain are revealed throughout the poems. Another prolific poem is âBecause I could not stop for deathâ where death and immortality are reflected and the poet declares that through only death we can gain immortality.
Because I could not stop for Death â
He kindly stopped for me â
The Carriage held but just Ourselves â
And Immortality.
So, death and immortality are the two fascinating themes of Dickinsonâs poetry.
āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ”, āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻž āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° 500 āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
“āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ –
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ –
āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ –
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĨ¤”
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤
Pains and Sufferings: To identify the theme, we need to reflect on the biography of Dickinson. After the premature death of her father, she became alone and isolated from her family and engaged in an illicit love affair with her fatherâs friend. She believes that love, pain, sufferings, society, and family are important for the growth of the human mind. Because of her fatherâs death, she became broken-hearted. In âI felt funeral in my brainâ reveals death but from a deeper level, it reveals pain and suffering. The violation of humanity, mental anguish, and pains is found from profound analysis.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Poetic Diction: For writing poetry, a poet has to be an artist first. Poetic art makes a poet different and superior to others. It is one of the themes of Dickinsonâs poetry.
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤
Conclusion: To conclude, we must say that Dickinson represents sundry themes to satisfy his mysticism. She is absolutely unique and unforgettable because of her spiritual quest to meet God through the themes of her poems.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
2. Discuss Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature.
Or, Discuss Dickinsonâs attitude to nature.
Introduction: Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) is not a poet of nature in the conventional sense. She lived a life of secrecy and self-selected captivity. Human society was never a matter of interest to her. On the contrary, she found comfort and solace in nature. She is a poet of nature with a conspicuous difference and the study about her as a poet of nature is really a matter of scholarly interest years after years.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (1830-1886) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĨ¤
Phenomenon of heavenly pleasure: Dickinson has written poem based on nature and natural world. To get heavenly pleasure, she respects nature as a phenomenon. In her poems, nature reveals the mysticism of god, immortality and death. In her celebrated poem, âI Taste a Liquor never Brewedâ, she recounts the natural beauty. Again, in this poem, she exposes the hidden reality of immortality. The poet is enjoying the summer season. To enjoy the beauty of summer, she drinks a liquid that tastes like wine and tastier than alcohol that is made beside the river Rhine. It provides pleasure and excitement to the poet more than honey.
âInebriate of air â am I â
And Debauchee of Dew ââ
Thus, nature is a real source to Dickinson for heavenly pleasure.
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯-āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
“āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻˇ – āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ –
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ° – “
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¸āĨ¤
Nature with mystic concept: In her earlier poems, Dickinson found nature as a mother and then she found nature mocking at man but finally discovers a mysterious link between man and nature. To get the close contact of god, she depicts the mystic concept of nature. The mystic concept of nature has been well expressed in the poem âI Taste a Liquor Never Brewedâ. The poet is drunk with the beauty of nature. From mystic point of view, she presents sun as lamp post. Dickinson presents nature in her love poems. In âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ, she talks about sea which is most probably situated in the heaven.
Rowing in Eden –
Ah – the Sea!
Might I but moor – tonight –
In thee!
âBecause I could not stop for deathâ is specially based on the immortality and death. She can see the playing children, green fields and sun set which represents childhood, youth and old age. Thus, the representation of nature exposes the romanticism of Dickinson, but she never forgets to exercise mysticism.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸” āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Rowing in Eden –
Ah – the Sea!
Might I but moor – tonight –
In thee!
“Because I could not Stop for Death” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§āĻļāĻŦ, āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Realization and Introspection: To Dickinson, nature is a medium through which she attempts to realize herself. Her poems on nature are an exploration into the undiscovered continent of the poetâs self. Nature is an exquisite blend of the human spirit and the divine that means a fusion between the finite and the infinite.
āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Tranquility: Emily Dickinson is often called American Romantic. According to the concept of Romantic Movement, Dickinson’s poems are reminiscent of true tranquility, but nature did not give rise to any philosophy in the poet’s mind. There is no systematic philosophy in case of treatment of nature in the poems of Dickinson like Wordsworth’s pantheism. Rather Emily compares people to the world of nature.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻĨāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Keen observation and close associations: Dickinsonâs keen observation and close associations with nature provided her the chance to present the neglected and grotesque aspects of nature. The rat, the mushroom, the fly, the bat, the snake, the frog, the stones, all are enlivened before us through Emilyâs Poems. The Romantics avoided these aspects, the moralists ignored; but Emily Dickinson found in them the true representation of nature. The poem âA Bird Came Down the Walkâ illustrates this point. Thus, such intense observation and close associations with objects of nature make Emily Dickinson refusing to employ nature as a guide for moral behavior.
āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻŽāĻžāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧ , āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒ, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨; āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âA Bird Came Down the Walkâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: Emily Dickinson is a popular poet of nature. She paints nature on the canvas of solitude. Unlike most of the poets of her era, Dickinson was not under the influence of big romanticists such as Keats, Shelley or Wordsworth. Dickinson uses nature to practice human love which gives her poetry a rare aroma.
3. Comment on Dickinsonâs Mysticism
Introduction: Mysticism is the belief that union with the absorption into the deity or the absolute or the spiritual apprehension knowledge inaccessible to the intellect. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Mysticism is the belief that the knowledge of god and real truth can be found through prayer and meditation, rather than through reason and the senses.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤
Dickinson as a Mystic Poet: Emily Dickinson [1830-1886] is famous for mysticism. She uses mystic elements in a large extent. Her poems are based on spiritual development of thought and profound knowledge. Dickinsonâs mystic elements with the reference of her poems are given below:
āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ [1830-1886] āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻš āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
Dickinsonâs mystic view on love: Dickinsonâs mystic view on love has been expressed in a superb way in the following lines:
âUnable are the loved to die.
For love is immortality.â
These lines reveal that man must die with love and only love can make a man immortal because love is immortal itself. Love is eternal in this world that presides over human heart.
Dickinson gives priority to spiritual or mystic love than sensational love. In the poem, âWild Nights Wild Nightsâ, Dickinson refers her lover as âtheeâ but who is thee it is obscure. She anticipates;
Rowing in Eden-
Ah- the sea!
Might I but moor- tonight-
In thee!
Dickinson relates that passing a night with her lover is luxurious and she wants to row by boat with her lover in the sea of Eden. Here rowing by boat in the sea of Eden reveals mysticism. Passing a night with her lover was normal and sensational love but rowing by boat in the sea exposes spiritual or mystic love.
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
âāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻž
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦâ
āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§ “āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻž āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ā§ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§,
āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž –
āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° !
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§-
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ !
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Mystic attitude to death: The poet writes more than 1800 poems. According to critics, Dickinsonâsâ 500 poems are based on the theme âdeathâ. She represents death as mystic element. The poem âI Felt a Funeral in my Brainâ is a luminous example of the mysticism of death. She remarks;
âI felt a funeral in my brain
And mourners to and fro
Kept treading- treading-till itâs seemed
That sense was breaking throughâ
She feels funeral in her brain. She gives the whole description after death in meditation. Throughout the poem, Dickinson unlocks the spiritual development through death. From surface level, it is a poem deals with sufferings and pains but from deeper level it reveals the spiritual development and mysticism of death. In the poem âBecause I Could not Stop for Deathâ, She opens the poem declaring mysticism,
Because I could not stop for death-
He kindly stopped for me-
The carriage held by just ourselves-
And immortality.
Dickinson in these lines declare about the journey of the death. It is a spiritual journey, the journey of soul. Itâs impossible to think but this journey is possible from Psychological point of view.
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ: āĻāĻŦāĻŋ ā§§ā§Žā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§” āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âI Felt a Funeral in my Brainâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ –
âāĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§
āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ â
āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âBecause I Could not Stop for Deathâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨,
āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ-
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨-
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ-
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤
Mystic Viewpoint to Nature: Dickinson writes poem based on nature. So, the romantic elements like high imagination, subjectivity and description of nature is found. But through nature, she shows the existence of god like the pantheist. âI Taste a Liquor Never Brewedâ is a nature-based poem which reveals mysticism loving nature. Nature is simple from outward but inwardly it creates a connection with god. She finds Godâs existence. The symbols of the poem are sun, wind, seraph or angel. These are the symbol of mysticism because through these elements she tries to make a relationship with god.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ âI Taste a Liquor Never Brewedâ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšâāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĢ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Mystic Attitude to Immortality: Human being is mortal, but he can attain immortality after his death. Death helps a man to be free. âBecause I Could not Stop for Deathâ is a poem of immortality. The first four lines expose that we are roaming with death and death is our ever companion. According to Dickinson, without death, immortality cannot be gained. Her mystic attitude is clear from this speech. The last four lines of the poem provide the notes of immortality and eternity-
Tis centuries- and yet
Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the Horses heads
Were toward eternity.
After death, a man gets relief from prison (body or physical structure) and starts his journey to immortality.
āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖāĻļā§āĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋâ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§-
āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§
āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ
āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ (āĻĻā§āĻš āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¨) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Firm mystic Belief in immortality of soul: Man dies physically but his soul remains alive. After physical death, his soul become free and starts a new journey. Dickinson believes that there is another world after death where there is no pains and sufferings. She refers;
This World is not Conclusion.
A Species stands beyond –
Invisible, as Music –
But positive, as Sound –
It beckons, and it baffles â
She asserts here in this poem that music cannot be seen but we can feel in our heart. Like music, soul is invisible, and the journey of soul can never be seen. Here the mysticism is revealed vividly.
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž-āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨,
āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§ –
āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯, āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ –
āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ –
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ –
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: To Conclude, Dickinson is herself a mysterious person. So, her poems also sketch mysticism perfectly.
4. Death as the Recurring Symbol of Dickinson’s Poetry- Discuss.
Or, discuss the symbol of Dickinsonâs poetry.
Introduction: Death is one of the principal subjects or themes in Dickinsonâs poetry. She uses the recurring symbol of death in her poetry as it can be learnt from the history that during Dickinsonâs time there was high mortality rate of youth and frustration prevailed at that time throughout America. Besides, death is the poetic interest for her to compose poetry.
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Dickinsonâs Poetic Insight: Death is the poetic insight of Dickinsonâs poems. Every poet has a special insight in writing literary works such as William Shakespeare had a lot of practical knowledge. Even many poets have versatile specialty. Dickinson’s specialty is the concept of death. She has used death as the prime conception in more than 500 poems. So, she has presented death as the recurring or repeated symbols in her poems.
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Philosophical aspect of Death: Death is uncertain like a breakdown of a clock. Death has a deep philosophy. Benjamin Franklin has said that the two things are true in the world, one is death, and another is to give tax to government. So, death is truth. God has created us and only he knows our death date. Any time can be the last moment of human beings.
Again, she asserts that death is the long sleep without any disturbance. In Christianity, priest quotes during entomb occasion that my dear friend sleep peacefully in the paradise, later, I will join you. Dickinson was disturbed in his life because of her illicit relationship with his fatherâs friend. She had to face some obstacles because of her relationship. So, he referred the death again and again in his poem to get a long-term rest without disturbance and to make aware the American people to get out from the nasty activities.
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Death makes man accountable and conscious: According to many critics, human being is as much responsible as for the death. Because they know that death is just behind them and anytime can cover them. In the poem âBecause I could not stop for Deathâ, Dickinson has showed that everyone must be spiritually regenerated. Again in âI felt a Funeral, in my Brainâ, she has made conscious the American people that they should not involve in corruption, sexuality, alcoholism and criminal activities because death is inevitable. If they thought about death, they never could be involved in such kinds of activities.
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Death is the Bridge: One medium is available to connect with god that is death. Human being can be united with god through death. Dickinson has told about this bridge in many of her poem even in âI felt a Funeral, in my Brainâ and âBecause I could not stop for deathâ. From this conception, we come to know that death is not only a word, not the conclusion of the world, rather itâs a tunnel for resurrection, to connect with god. The poet says:
This World is not Conclusion.
A Species stands beyond –
Invisible, as Music –
But positive, as Sound –
It beckons, and it baffles â
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ: āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ âI felt a Funeral, in my Brainâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âBecause I could not stop for deathâāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ , āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨:
āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§ –
āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯, āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ –
āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ –
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ –
Immortality is not gained without death: If someone wants to be immortal, he must die. Because no one can get everlasting life without death. In the poem âI Taste a Liquor Never Brewedâ, the poet shows the ways to become immortal in the materialistic world. Again in âBecause I could not stop for Deathâ, she also shows that death come to me by a vehicle with immortality that means only death is the only way to get the evergreen or immortal life.
āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž: āĻā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ âI Taste a Liquor Never Brewedâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° âBecause I could not stop for Deathâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: By the end of the discussion it has been vivid that death is important and prominent motif of Dickinsonâs poetry. No other poet, either America or Britain, has looked upon death in such myriad of light as she has done.
5. Discuss when Lilacs Last at the Dooryard Bloomed as an elegy.
Introduction: The word âelegyâ comes from the Greek word âelegosâ meaning âsongâ. Elegy is a poem or song that expresses sadness, especially for someone who has died. “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” is a long poem in the form of an elegy written by American poet Walt Whitman (1819â1892) in 1865. The poem has been written in the tradition of pastoral elegy focusing on the death of 16th president of America Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋâ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ âāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸â āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ âāĻāĻžāĻ¨â āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ “āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŽ’āĻĄ” 1865 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° (1819-181892) āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° 16 āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° (1809-1865) āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Function of elegy: Elegy is one of the richest literary forms because it has the capacity to express emotions that deeply influence people. The most powerful of the tools Elegy uses is to rely on the memory of those who are no longer there. Most of the poets who wrote elegies were evidently awed by the frailty of human beings, and how the world completely forgets about the deceased at some point. So, from functional perspective âWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomâdâ, is a perfect paradigm of elegy.
āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨: āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻļāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ “āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŽ’āĻĄā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇ”, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
Creating gloomy atmosphere: The elegiac poets create a gloomy atmosphere at the outset of the poem so that mourn can be expressed deeply. Walt Whitman has created a sorrowful atmosphere in the poem. In grieving for the death of the beloved leader, the poet sat looking at the day closing with its light and fields of spring. He observed that the farmers are preparing their crops. He also observed the unconscious scenery of the land with its sky and earth, rivers and hills, cities, people, houses and streets. All of a sudden there appeared the long black trail of death. It enveloped all including the poet. Such outer environment was filled with sadness by the song of the bird as the poet says:
âAnd the charm of the carol rapt me,
As I held as if by their hands my comrades in the night,
And the voice of my spirit tallied the song of the bird.â
The lines indicate the sad song of the bird as matching the voice of the poetâs spirit. Both sang welcoming death and knowledge of death. Because of this environmental background of the poem, it is an elegy.
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§, āĻ¨āĻĻā§, āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ, āĻļāĻšāĻ°, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻĨāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŖā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛:
âāĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§,
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ,
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤â
āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
Lyrical quality: Though the poem has been written in blank verse, it is not devoid of lyrical quality. As innovative writer and poet, Whitman has unique capacity to produce lyricism in blank verse.
âO powerful western fallen star!
O shades of nightâO moody, tearful night!â
āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
âāĻšā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž!
āĻšā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž â āĻšā§ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ, āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤! “
Elegant language and structure: One of the most important features of elegy is elegant language and strong structure. The language used in the poem is very rich. The poem has cyclic structure. It can be divided into three cycles. The first cycle is from section 1 to 4. It introduces the three major symbols of the poem âlilac, star and birdâ and expresses the deep grief of the poet for his beloved leader. The second cycle is from section 5 to 9. This cycle depicts the journey of the coffin bearing train through natural scenery and industrial cities. Sections 10-13 constitute the third cycle that presents the utmost grief of the poet. Section 14, 15 and 16 restates the themes of the poem.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§: āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ 1 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 4 āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ âāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋâ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ 5 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 9 āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ 10-10 āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ ā§§ā§Ē, ā§§ā§Ģ āĻāĻŦāĻ16 āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Questions about nature of life, death and immortality of soul: The elegy raises questions regarding the nature of life, death and immortality of soul. The poem suggests the American to lead a praiseworthy and sacrificial life like Abraham Lincoln but the type of death that has snatched away the life of the beloved leader must be prevented though his soul is immortal. Thus, this poem is an elegy.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§: āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
Consolation: The most significant feature of elegy is consolation by the end of the poem remembering poetâs own death. We can quote here from the poem.
âDark mother always gliding near with soft feet,
Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?â
Thus, the poet provides the note of consolation that death is not an evil rather it relieves everyone from the pains, troubles, worries and anxieties of life.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
âāĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§,
āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž? “
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻž, āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: Generally, elegies are identified by different types of features. âWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomâdâ fulfills the fundamental characteristic features of elegy. The above thesis-based negotiation proves it.
6. Discuss Walt Whitman as a modern poet.
Introduction: Modernism has to be defined first before we discuss the modernistic elements in Whitman. It is a style or movement in the arts that aims to depart significantly from classical or traditional forms. Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia defines modernism in the following terms, âIn the arts, a radical break with the past and concurrent search for new forms of expression.â
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ “Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia” āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§, “āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤”
Representation of democracy: Democracy is the most modernist tendency in literature and Whitman has presented it in respect of American democracy. He tries to encompass the whole of America. He symbolizes the equalizing process of democracy. His conception of equality and democracy gives every individual an exulted status. Whitman asserts, though there have been a lot of pitfalls in the way of democracy, it will ultimately win the victory.
âFor you these form me, O Democracy, to serve you, me femmeâ.
Thus, Whitman is a modernist because of his expression of most modern tendency in poetry.
āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤
“āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻšā§ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤”āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĨ¤
Use of blank verse: Whitman has not followed the poetic conventions and traditions and techniques. His greatest contribution to the growth of American poetry is his total change of the existing poetic form and his use of free verse. He deals with modern man with a fresh outlook on life. He has also discarded two traditional elements of poetic style which are rhyme and meter. After him, in modern period, use of blank verse in poetry has become a fashion in poetry writing including T. S. Eliot. So, Whitman is out and out a modernist one.
āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻāĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĨ¤
Exercise of images and symbols from modern perspective: The use of the images and symbols by Whitman is also a modernist element due to his dramatic element in poetry. The âIâ and âYouâ in his poems introduce the dramatic element. Whitman is peculiar that is why he does not present his images and pictures before his readers in any logical order. He says:
âI name everything as it comesâ
This quotation is also a fantastic example of stream of consciousness. It is applied by Whitman before the inauguration of this very literary device. In this way, he is the creator of the modernists.
āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨: āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ” āĻāĻŦāĻ “āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨:
“āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤”
āĻāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĨ¤
In terms of poetic medium: Walt Whitman is modern in terms of his poetic medium too. If we consider him from the viewpoint of syntax, we find him the poet of the phrase. A complete sentence is not important to him. Modern poets echo the syntax of Whitman.
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Evaluation of the critic: Critic after critic has paid glowing tribute to Walt Whitman as the pioneer of modern critic. However, the best tribute is ever paid by D.H. Lawrence who remarks, âWhitman, the one-man breaking wave ahead. Whitman, the one pioneer. And only Whitman. No English pioneers, no French. No European pioneer-poetsâ.
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨: āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸, āĻ¯ā§, “āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŽā§, āĻŦāĻž āĻĢāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨ â
Conclusion: It is crystal like clear that, Whitman has used democracy as the modern element of his poetry along with his avoidance of traditional form of poetic verse. He is the pioneer of modernists.
7. Discuss Whitman as a poet of democracy.
Introduction: Walt Whitman (1819-1892) is considered to be one of the greatest poets of democracy not only in American literature but also in world literature as well. He was a born democrat as he believed in the inherent dignity and equality of all men and women. His conception of democracy is based on this belief. Here Whitman is illustrated as a poet of democracy by pointing to the references of his poems.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ (1819-1892) āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Declaration of the ultimate victory of democracy: In the poems âWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomâdâ and âO Captain! My Captainâ, Whitman has announced the ultimate victory of democracy. In both of these poems, he has asserted that after a struggle of the bloody civil war the ship or train of democracy has reached its shore or station but the criminals could not tolerate this and they think that they will destroy the democracy from the history of the nation but it has been even more stable witnessed for democracy by the presence of the mourners on the shores or stations after stations. It is in the poetâs tongue:
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weatherâd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž: âWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomâdâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âO Captain! My Captainâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:
āĻšā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨! āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ! āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§,
āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻā§,
Dealing with ideal and universal democracy: It appears from a study of Whitmanâs poetry that his democracy is ideal and universal. He personifies the spirit of universal brotherhood. According to a critic of Whitman, âMen of every class then are interesting to Whitmanâ. In the poem âCrossing Brooklyn Ferryâ, the poet says-
âIt avails not time nor space- distance avails not
I am with you, you men and women of a generation,
Or every so many generation henceâ
From the above-quoted lines, we can form an idea of the democracy of Whitman that all men are equal and that is ideal. As a manifestation of his democratic ideal, the poet celebrates the average American through himself. He uses the âIâ as an all-embracing concept.
āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž: āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, “āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ”āĨ¤ âāĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§â āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨-
âāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨-āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ,
āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋ”
āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻāĻŽāĻŋ” āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Presence of all walks of people: Like the kingdom of heaven, the democracy of Whitman is open irrespective of any caste, color, or creed. That is why Whitman refuses to compose poems for the parts. The basic ideas of democracy are the liberty of individual, fraternity, and equality. All these are based on the basic dignity of man. The poet says-
âAnd that all men ever born are also my brothers
and the women my sisters and loversâ
āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨-
âāĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ”
Dignity and nobility of every common man: As it is known to the people of the world that Abraham Lincoln who is the ideal political leader of Whitman has fought against the injustice of the slavery system. The long civil war (1861-1865) has been the prime subject matter of Whitmanâs poetry and the murder of his beloved leader is illustrated by him in his poems. This depiction symbolically represents the democratic note of dignity and nobility of every common man.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯: āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ (1861-1865) āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĢā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Democracy in every object of nature: No other poet is as genius as Whitman in respect of the democratic nature of the natural world. The poet celebrates that the mystic democratic conception of nature offers us to be the preserver of human rights and dignity at our level best. He uses lilacs as the symbol of love for the ideal political reader and the hermit thrush as a mourner that is why he is called the poet of democracy who has an exceptional point of view on democracy.
Bible of democracy: Whitman is considered to be the composer of the Bible of democracy. âLeaves of Grassâ is his most famous political work. It is regarded as the Bible of democracy. Besides, almost all of the poems of Whitman directly or indirectly deal with politics and democracy.
Conclusion: But, for all these, we should not take Whitman as a mere idealist in democracy. His democracy is practical. The way he holds the idea of democracy is different from other thinkerâs ideas about it. His democracy is ideal, universal, and pantheistic but practical at the same time.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¤āĻŦā§, āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
8. Evaluate Frost as a poet of man or common man.
Introduction: A poet of nature is a poet of man. Like Wordsworth of England, Frost (1874-1963) of America is such a poet that means a poet of nature. Frostâs treatment of nature is the new one and unique as well. His poetry lives with a particular aliveness because it expresses living people.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ (ā§§ā§Žā§ā§Ē-ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§Š) āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Sketch of human characters: Frost has drawn sketches of human characters in many of his poems. They are marked with fineness and variety. Though his scope of the world of human characters is limited, he moves about artistically and displays an astonishing variety. The method of presenting the characters is as various as the characters themselves. For example, âThe Road not Takenâ depicts the split personality of the speaker.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, âThe Road not Takenâ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Analysis of human psychology: Based on the psychological analysis, the characters represented by Frost can be divided into two categories.
- The abnormal and the neurotic characters
- The normal and well-adjusted characters
Frost who is the only poet in the history of the English literature has gained myriad human psychology in poetry. He is totally different from Robert Browning of England because Browning has sketched characters rest on success or failure. On the other hand, Frost has created characters based on mentality. for an instance, in the poem âMending Wallâ, we get two characters such as neurotic and well-adjusted. The speaker of the poem is a young normal one, but the old neighbor is a neurotic one who comments:
âGood fences make good neighborâ
Thus, in many of his poems including âHome Burialâ, âStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ, âThe Death of Hired Manâ and so on, Frost has shown his mastery in the analysis of human psychology.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ: āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
- āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§-āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, âMending Wallâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ (neurotic) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§-āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ , āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨:
âāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§â
āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, âHome Burialâ, âStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ, âThe Death of Hired Manâ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Intimate and personal knowledge of the New Englanders: Frost is called a local and regional poet because of his deep passion for his local and regional countryside and deep observation of the mentality of the people of New England, the northeastern region of the United States of America comprising of six states. According to the critics, Frost has similarity with Wordsworth in respect of local and regional knowledge only. No other poet of English literature has as deep knowledge as Frost on the local people. One of the famous collections of poetry of Frost is âNorth of Bostonâ published in 1914 in which all the characters of his poems are from New England.
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧā§ (USA) āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°-āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻ¨ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ âNorth of Bostonâ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĨ¤
The conflict of the human heart: Frost is called a poet of common man or man because of his profound analytical knowledge on the conflict of the human heart. One of the best readable poems is âThe Road not Takenâ which illustrates the conflict of the human heart of the split speaker. The speaker is confused and puzzled because of two diversified roads in front of him. This character symbolically represents all human hearts.
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦ: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ âThe Road not Takenâ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻ ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤,
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ(āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ)āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
āĻāĻŦāĻ (āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§) āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ
āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻā§ (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§);
Conclusion: Frost is a poet of ordinary human beings much in the way of Wordsworth. Above all, his humans are not idealized but real. He has drawn all these portraits with the sympathy and tenderness of feelings of a great poet.
9. Discuss the theme of alienation of Robert Frostâs poetry.
Introduction: As we know that Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a poet of human psychology, all aspects of human psychology are certainly present in his poems that is why alienation or isolation is one of the prime themes of his poetry.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ (ā§§ā§Ž74ā§Ē-ā§§6363ā§Š) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
The key concept of alienation: The word alienation or isolation belongs to human psychology. According to Oxford Learnerâs Dictionary, alienation means a feeling that does not belong to in a particular group. It is considered a disaster of human life because it is related to frustration which destroys a human being like a slow poising. In Frostâs poetry, sundry aspects of isolation are noticed.
āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Isolation from the immediate environment: Isolation of man from the instant environment is a broad concept in Frost’s poetry. The term instantaneous environment refers to society, nature, sky, stars, and God. By the notion of isolation from the instantaneous environment, the poet means to imply that man feels the pain of being isolated from all, even from the soul, and of eternal loneliness. The poet’s philosophical view of life is determined by the destiny of man and the destiny of man is alone, being detached from all things and beings in the universe. Through this notion of isolation, Robert Frost emphasizes that the feeling of isolation is inevitable for us but it should be enjoyed to the best of our ability.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Isolation from society: One of Frost’s significant strategies for managing the issue of isolation is that people become isolated from their own society. It has appeared in several poems. âMending Wallâ is a poem where the poet expresses this kind of isolation. The main idea of ââthe poem is that the young speaker of the poem is disturbed by the idea of ââhis old neighbor:
âGood fences make good neighborsâ
If the above short of the poem âMending Wallâ is read from a wide and symbolic point of view, it will reveal that man is separated from people, race, ethnicity. Even international isolation is hidden in the above short line. So, Frost has made it clear to us that the suffering of human beings from isolation is not just because of one’s own destiny. It is rather interwoven like the ecological balance of the environment.
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ “āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤:
“āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§”
“āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Alienation from God: The theme of isolation has made Frost a religious one because his opinion about manâs apartness from God is strong evidence of his religious faith that cannot be denied. He thinks that strong reasoning results in separation from God. Unconditional surrender to God is a must to set up a blissful mystic communion with him. The poem âThe Road not Takenâ is a poem of strong reasoning. It not only expresses the crisis of choice but also the absence of prayer.
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
So, the poet suggests that in times of the problem, people must be a decision-maker but they should be dependent on God too so that separation never comes in life. âStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ is an epoch-making poem by Frost in which the poet has shown different types of isolation of the speaker such as apartness from society and God.
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
In the poem âHome Burialâ, the poet represents the dreadful separation of women and so on.
āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ âThe Road not Takenâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ âStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§-āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
Conclusion: In light of the above discussion, it is our right to declare that Frost is unique in his ability to handle the issue of isolation, by which he spreads the message that as long as the earth exists there will be isolation or alienation but it must be defended with courage and cunning.
10. Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost
Introduction: Pastoralism which is a term of literature contrasts between simple and complicated life. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a pastoral poet but he has not followed the conventions and traditions of pastoral poetry. He has invented his own methods of composing pastoral poetry and has been successful in doing so. As a result of his invention, he has become a pastoral and modern poet at the same time.
Frostâs pastoralism is not an escape from reality
Many readers may think that Frostâs pastoralism is an attempt to escape from the real world to the ideal world. He returns from city life to rural life to examine city life more deeply. Rural life is an artistic perspective for him from where he can analyze the complicated and problematic urban life. In his poems, Robert Frost contrasts human life and mechanical power by his unique pastoral setting.
Realistic pastoralism in Frostâs poetry
We find realistic pastoralism in Frostâs poetry. Pastoral elements are masterful or predominant there in his poems, but the readers should not be confused about them. We should know that though there is the prevalence of pastoral elements, Frost is realistic in his poetic vision and sensibility.
Frostâs vision depends on the pastoral setting
In literature, every poet has a personal vision such as in American poetry, Emily Dickinsonâs poetic vision is dependent on death and Whitman has a poetic vision based on democracy. In British English poet, for example, Wordsworthâs vision depends on nature, likewise, Frostâs vision out and out depends on the pastoral setting.
Pastoralism connected with the romantic vision
Pastoralism is usually connected with a romantic vision. The commonplace objects and scenery are idealized, glorified, and tinged with imagination. Though Frost has a strong passion for pastoralism, realism forms the basis of vision and art because his poetry is loaded with suggestivity. Frostâs romantic vision has made him classic in terms of forms and interpretation of life-based on realistic interests.
Frost is both pastoral and a modern poet
We cannot call Frost an outdated poet though we find a predominance of pastoral elements in Frostâs poetry. The modern elements are also predominant in his poetry. He shows a strong devotion and keen interest in rural life, but he also shows a great passion and interest in modern elements. His works include the nostalgia that is a pastoral pleasure. He also explores the dreadful aspects of manâs existence in the modern world. So, he is equally successful in treating pastoral as well as modern elements.
Conclusion: To conclude, Frost is a pastoral poet with a difference as he has adopted a pastoral setting only to differentiate between simplicity and complexity.
11. Discuss major themes of Langston Hughes poetry
Introduction: Langston Hughes (1901-1967) is one of the best poets in American literature. His poetry mainly uses a variety of thematic approaches to present the situation of the black people of America.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Music: Music is one of the special themes of Langston Hughes’s poetry. He particularly uses music such as blues and jazz. Many of his poems contain an identifiable rhyme or beat to express grief, lost love, anger, and frustration. He has often hinted at music to create a link between past and present. Calling the musical traditions of slaves, Hughes has associated himself with the painful history of African Americans. Like Jazz and the Blues, Hughes’s poetry has a distinctive and thoughtful melody that often portrays stories of sadness, isolation, and loneliness.
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The American Dream: Many of Langston Hughesâs poems invoke the theme of the American Dream. In 1931, James Truslow Adams defined the American Dream: “life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” However, Hughes addresses the idea of being deprived of the country, including African American, indigenous-American, low-income immigrant and poor peasant. He depicts that the dignity of freedom and equality is beyond the reach of these peoples, and they are subjected to the brunt of superstition, oppression, and poverty. Their dreams die because of their miserable condition. That is why Hughes often ends his poems in a somewhat optimistic note, expressing his belief that African Americans will one day be free to pursue their dreams.
āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻā§āĻŽāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻŽāĻ¸ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨: “āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻ¸āĻš āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Dignity: During Langston Hughes’ time, his African American readers felt that his work directly explored their lives, their hopes, fears, their past, and their dreams. African American characters embody all the complexities of isolated American life. Hughes writes from the perspective of jazz musicians, frustrated dreamers, disadvantaged students, and many more. Hughes’ work focuses on the strength, endurance, and sanctity of their souls in his characters. He also praised their physical beauty, denying the “white” standard of beauty that dominated popular culture in the early 20th century.
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻļāĻž, āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ, āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, 20 āĻļāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ “āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž” āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Aspiration: Hughes often writes about aspiration as dreams. He discovers sundry aspirations such as hidden dreams, lost dreams, and dreams back to life. African Americans were treated like second-class citizens in American law. Hughes believed that this poor social status had forced most African Americans to hide their dreams. Because of this, Hughes manifests the power of dreams in various ways throughout his work. In his poems, Hughes remarks that despite the difficulty of achieving these dreams, it is important to maintain aspirations and dreams. He also writes that if these dreams are dormant for a long time, they can explode.
āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž: āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨, āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§, āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ is āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Racism: Though Langston Hughes’s tone is softer, he has his own way of denouncing racism and depicting the oppression that African Americans experienced at the hands of the patriarchal system. He alludes to lost and forgotten aspirations, insinuating that African Americans are not allowed access to the American Dream because of their race. He depicts racism as being tied up with religious hypocrisy. Hughes is realistic about the discriminatory environment that he lives in, but he also expresses hope that one day, the racial inequality will perish from the history America.
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Self-Actualization: Many of the speakers in Langston Hughes’s poems start in situations of despondency and hopelessness. One has argued with a lover, another faces discrimination, a biracial man struggles with his identity, and so on. However, Hughes commonly creates a narrative so that the protagonist/speaker can reach a state of self- actualization. Despite his or her difficult surroundings, these individuals are able to find inherent inner strength which allows them to persevere against the odds.
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ / āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻļāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is transparent that Langston Hughes is not rebellious or cruel, he is the poet of humanity who gives the light of dreams and the source of survival in the unspoken darkness.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻšā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
12. Elements of Anti-racialism in Langston Hughes Poetry.
Introduction: Racism stands for the division of a group from another group because of color. This nastic process was inaugurated in the United States of America in the 1600s. According to the Oxford Learnersâ Dictionary, Racism refers to the unfair treatment of people who belong to a different race; violent behavior to them. In other words, it is a belief that some races of people better than others.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž 1600 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
Langston Hughes as an Anti-Racist: Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was a twentieth-century American poet with a strong discussion of racism in his poetry. A moving note of anti-apartheid elements continues throughout most of his poetry.
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ (1901-1967) āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
The United American dream: Langston Hughes is similar to Martin Luther King Jr in respect to the American dream. The dream of the poet is that America will be a nation of oneness and the people of America must have not a shattered dream. In his poems âI Too Sing Americaâ and âHarlemâ, he has advocated for the united dream of America. He asserts that when the dream is postponed, there are no bounds of frustration and despair, but he never loses his hope and his hope is the strength of the black community.
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
So, through bearing a strong united dream, he has disclosed him as an anti-racialist.
āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° âāĻāĻ āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŽâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻļāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻļāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Racism: As a black American, Langston Hughes could not tolerate the white community’s hostile treatment of Negroes. In all his poems he directly opposes the discriminatory behavior of the white community. In his famous poem “I Too Sing America” ââthe poet describes that one day America will come out of its limitations and appreciate the small Negro ethnic group as its wealth and at that time white people will feel ashamed. In the words of the poet:
Tomorrow,
Iâll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobodyâll dare
Say to me,
âEat in the kitchen,â
Then.
By these lines, the poet means to say that future will be free from racism. Such thinking and advocacy prove him as a poet of anti-racialism or humanity.
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ: āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨ “āĻāĻ āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž” -āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:
āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Ancientness of the Negro Community: One of the anti apartheid elements of Langston Hughes is the proclamation of the ancientness of the negroes in the civilized human history. At the age of seventeen, he writes the poem âThe Negro Speaks of Riversâ in which he mentions the rivers to uphold the ancientness of the black community that is as old as the rivers and free like the rivers. The blacks were not a nation of slave, but they had been slave because of the greediness of the imperialists. As a result of this, this community in an affluent country like America has been struggling from the independence of America but they have not attained their constitutional rights yet.
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻ āĻĢ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸” āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Slavery system: Langston Hughes has symbolically represented slavery system in his poem âThe Negro Speaks of Americaâ by referring the golden and muddy Mississippi to link with slavery system and Abraham Lincoln who was the sixteenth president of America and fought for the constitutional rights of the negroes and won over the civil war but still the black community is suffering from their rights. Thus, the poet is an anti-racialist.
āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž âThe Negro Speaks of Americaâ -āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻˇā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĨ¤
Aspiration, dignity and self-realization: In the guise of intellectual and artistic talents, Hughes has stood up against racism. In the well-known poem âThe Weary Bluesâ, the poet depicts the depressing and lonely situation of the Negroes. But he never lost his desire to be dignified. Rather, he tells the readers that every bitter situation for the black community will come to an end if they are not weakened and suffer from lack self-confidence.
Besides,
Theyâll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamedâ
āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽ-āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âThe Weary Bluesâ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: To conclude, Langston Hughes is not only anti-apartheid, but also a poet of inspiration and aspiration for the the black community and the people of the entire world because of his anti-apartheid message.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĨ¤