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Subject: Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama
Exam â 2020
Suggestion
Part â B
- How does Volpone earn gold and money?
- Write a short note on âDr. Faustusâ as morality play.
- How is Macbeth as tragedy of ambition?
- Comment on the opening scene of âVolponeâ.
- Describe the wooing scene of âThe Duchess of Malfiâ.
- What is poetic justice? Do you find any poetic Justice in âThe Merchant of Veniceâ?
- What Melodramatic elements do you find in âThe Duchess of Malfiâ?
- Write a short note on tragicomedy.
- What is the dramatic significance of the last scene of âDr. Faustusâ?
- How far Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth?
Part â C
- Discuss Macbeth as a tragic hero.
- Discuss the role of Portia.
- Discuss Dr. Faustus as a renaissance hero.
- Discuss âVolponeâ as a satire on the contemporary English society.
- Discuss the trial scene of âThe Merchant of Veniceâ.
- To what extent do the witches influence Macbethâs decision and action? Discuss.
- Discuss Bosola as a Machiavellian villain.
- Discuss Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero.
- What is comedy of humour? Discuss âVolponeâ as a comedy of humour.
- Discuss the ring-episode of âThe Merchant of Veniceâ.
Part – A
- What if the full title of Doctor Faustus?
Ans. The Tragical History of the life and death of Doctor Faustus.
- In which field of learningâs did Doctor Faustus obtain the doctorate degree?
Ans. Theology.
- What is Inverness?
Ans. The name of Macbetâs castle.
- What is Macbethâs tragic flaw?
Ans high ambition
- Who are the legacy hunters in Volpone?
Ans. Voltore, Corbaccio, Corvino and Lady Politic Would-be.
- Who is the blazing star of Italy?
Ans. Celia.
- What is the sub-title of the play Volpone?
Ans. The Fox.
- Mention the literary period of John Webster.
Ans. Jacobean Period.
- Why did Bosola give some apricots to the Duchess?
Ans. To be sure about her pregnancy.
- Why does Faustus decide to practice necromancy?
Ans. In order to gain superhuman power.
- What is soliloquy?
Ans. Characterâs talking to himself that works for self-revelation.
- Who is Hecate?
Ans. Goddess of witchcraft.
- Who rescues Celia from Volpone?
Ans. Bonario.
- How does Julia die in the âThe Duchess of Malfiâ?
Ans. Julia dies at the Cardinalâs hands from a poisoned Bible.
- How do the madmen torture the Duchess?
Ans. By singing and dialoguing.
- Why does Bosola stab Antonio?
Ans. Bosola wants to kill the Cardinal but mistakenly he stabs Antonio.
- What is renaissance?
Ans. Revival of intellectual learning.
- How do the weird sisters look like?
Ans. Like old and shrunken women with very wild clothes.
- Who is Helen?
Ans. Wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta.
- What reasons or conditions do Ferdinand and The Cardinal put forth against the second marriage of Duchess?
Ans. Three reasons: she is a widow; she is of a royal blood and has a duty to her rank and the second marriage expresses a lecherous nature.
- Who is Lucifer?
Ans. Satanâs proper name.
- Who does motley fool mean?
Ans. A fool who wears multicolored clothes.
- Why is The Duchess of Malfi called a decadent play?
Ans. Because of decay, ruins, death, and despair.
- Who is the peerless dame of Greece?
Ans. Helen.
- What is the Trinity?
Ans. The union of Father, Son and Holy Spirit in one God.
- What figure of speech do you find in âFair is foul, and foul is fair?
Ans. Paradoxical statement or Chiasmus that indicates the reversal of values.
- Whom does Macduff kill?
Ans. Macbeth.
- Who is Bosola?
Ans. Antagonist of the play âThe Duchess of Malfiâ.
- What are the seven deadly sins?
Ans. Pride, Covetous, Wrath, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth and Lechery.
- Who is Macbeth?
Ans. The evil king of Scotland.
- Who are the three witches?
Black and midnight hags who influence Macbeth in a great scale for wrongdoing.
- Who was the Duke of Calabia?
Ans. Ferdinad.
- What three things does Macbeth learn from the witches and apparitions?
Ans. Three things: he should fear Macduff, he should not fear any man born of a woman and nothing will affect his reign until Birnam wood moves.
- What is Ancona?
Ans. Ancona is a city state in Italy.
- what did Lady Macbeth say in her sleepwalking?
Ans. About the death of Duncan, Macduffâs wife and Banquo.
- How did Cardinal and Ferdinand not want their sister to get married with Antonio?
Ans. To grasp the wealth of The Duchess.
- Who is Christopher Marlowe?
Ans. Pre-Shakespearean Elizabethan dramatist.
- What is tragedy?
Ans. Representation of better type of people with unhappy ending.
- Name the two agents of Satan in Doctor Faustus.
Ans. Mephistophelis and Lucifer.
- What is a beast fable?
Ans. A play in which animals and birds speak and behave like human beings.
- Who is Duncan?
Ans. King of Scotland.
- What is necromancy?
Ans. Black art or magic
- Who wants to be Paris?
Ans. Doctor Faustus.
- How did Volpone earn his wealth?
Ans. By cunning robbing from legacy hunters.
- What kind of man is Bosola?
Ans. Lustful, greedy, proud and spiteful man.
- What is apricot?
Ans. A sort of sour fruit.
- Why does Macbeth want to kill Banquo and Fleance?
Ans. To make his power permanent.
- What is the name of Corbaccioâs son in Volpone?
Ans. Bonario.
- In which university did Doctor Faustus study?
Wittenberg University.
Part â B
- Discuss ”Dr. Faustusâ âas a Morality play.
Introduction: “The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus” represents a play written by the Christopher Marlowe (24 February 1564-30 May 1593). In his drama, âDoctor Faustus” is a morality play. At the beginning of the play Faustus pleasures to abjure the scriptures, the trinity and Christ. He leaves God, religion and Christ to gain superhuman power by mastering the unholy art of magic.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž:“The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus” āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° (24 āĻĢā§āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ 1564-30 – āĻŽā§ 1593) āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§,”Doctor Faustus”āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨ, āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°, āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤
The features of Morality play
The character of morality plays is allegory. Vices or virtues are personified. In Doctor Faustus, the Good and Evil Angels represent the paths of virtue, and sin and damnation respectively. The Old Man symbolizes the forces of righteousness and morality. Faustus exchanges his soul to the devil and lives a blasphemous life full of sensual pleasures just for twenty-four years. But he was at war with himself. An acute struggle between good and evil raises in his soul. His soul is torn between the two ends such as religion and the denial of God.
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ Doctor Faustus āĻ , āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛-āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
Conclusion: The aim of morality play was didactic and “Doctor Faustus” bears a moral sermon that whoever discards the path of virtue and abjures faith in God and Christ is destined to despair and eternal damnation. Thus, “Doctor Faustus” has links with morality play.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ”Doctor Faustus”āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ “Doctor Faustus” āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
2. Write a short note on Tragedy of Ambition?
Introduction: The tragedy of Ambition is a form of tragedy based on the tale of a noble man’s destruction because of his fatal flaw. In other words, the tragedy of Ambition is based on the Ambition of the protagonist.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
There are some characteristics features of Tragedy of Ambition which are as following:
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
Source of ambition
An ambition tragedy should have a proper source of ambition. Evaluating ”Macbeth” we notice that the drama-packed up with the source of ambition. The protagonist of the play is ambitious by the prophecies and the lady Macbeth. so, this feature of the play is fulfilled its demand.
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ ” āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ ” āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Blind ambition
Blind ambition is another predominant feature of the ambition tragedy. In the play ”Macbeth” we find evidence of blind ambition. Macbeth started to dream to be the next king of Scotland by baseless prophecies of the witch. So, it is proved that blind ambition is the pure feature of the tragedy of ambition.
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ ” āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ ” āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
The theme of ambition
The theme of the play is around the theme of ambition. we find that the theme of Macbeth is absolutely based on the theme of ambition.
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ
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Vaulting ambition
Vaulting ambition is one of the remarkable features of the tragedy of ambition. Macbeth has filled up this feature.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇ
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: From the above discussion, we must say that the tragedy of ambition brings about havoc for the ambitious activity.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ āĻĄā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĨ¤
3. Describe the wooing scene in âThe Duchess of Malfiâ.
Introduction: Love is fundamental for human existence. No man can live alone. In maturity the main interest of life is conjugal happiness. Without conjugal happiness a man is really helpless and gets destructed. As a widow the Duchess has very deep feeling for love.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ āĻāĻāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ Duchess āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Description of the wooing scene: As, the Duchess lost her husband, her both brothers forbid her to marry once again. But she does not pay heed to her brothersâ warning. When her brothers leave Malfi, she instantly tells her maid, Cariola that she wants to marry again and her decision is final. She wants to propose Antonio, that is why she makes a plan with Cariola.
When Antonio enters the room, he starts talking about business. Meanwhile the Duchess brings out the wedding ring and convince him to marry her. But Antonio is afraid to accept her proposal because he is a low-class people. He does not think himself suitable for her. Then the Duchess persuades him saying this that higher class ladies like her are always unfortunate about making love. Society does not allow them to enjoy their life in the way they want. They cannot get love because the common people are not allowed to access in their life.
Then the Duchess also assures Antonio that she is enough sincere about their marriage. She also lures him by saying that she is not as emotionless as a rock lays by road, but a creature of flesh and blood with all the bloom of youth and all the desires of the flesh. So, she wants to enjoy her life as much as one can enjoy.
Wooing scene āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻĢāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ CariolaāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ AntonioāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Cariola āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ Antonio āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ Duchess āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ Antonio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Duchess āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ DuchessāĻ AntonioāĻā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: Basically, the wooing scene of the drama focuses on the basic human need. As a young lady, the Duchess needs a man to carry her life because genetically carnal desire is very acute in human beings.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤, āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° wooing sceneāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, Duchess āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĨ¤
4. Discuss the melodramatic elements of the play âThe Duchess of Malfiâ.
Introduction: âThe Duchess of Malfiâ is a fine Jacobean revenge tragedy written by English dramatist John Webster in (1612â1613). The drama is also called a melodrama. Melodrama is a startling dramatic writing with magnificent characters and thrilling issue designed to appeal to the emotions. This drama is replete with melodramatic elements.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° (1612-1613) āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
Melodramatic elements of the play âThe Duchess of Malfiâ: âThe Duchess of Mulfiâ is repleted with all the elements of a melodrama.
âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ: âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
Emotional Love
A melodrama must show emotional love affair. In the play âThe Duchess of Malfiâ, we can see the very emotional and passionate love between the Duchess and Antonio.
āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž Duchess āĻāĻŦāĻ Antonio āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĨ¤
Provocation
First of all, Provocation that provokes the villain to do evil deeds to the hero. Here, in this play, Bosola planned a crucial plan to make mischief of the Duchess and Antonio.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž
āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§, āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ Bosola Duchess āĻāĻŦāĻ Antonio āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Pangs
Secondly, Pangs, that means the sufferings or pains of the hero, heroine and other good characters. The misery happens because of the villainâs evil deeds. Just because of Bosolaâs ill-will, each good character includes the Duchess, Antonio, Duchessâ two brothers, Julia.
āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤, āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž, āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° Duchess, Antonio, Duchess āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ, Julia āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤
Penalty
And finally comes Penalty, the last part of the play, where the villain gets his or her punishment for evil deeds. At the last part of âThe Duchess of Malfiâ, Ferdinand stabs both Cardinal and Bosola. Bosola kills Ferdinand. Finally, Cardinal and Bosola die.
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ā§, āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻāĻļ, āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Ferdinand, Cardinal āĻāĻŦāĻ Bosola āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ Bosola Ferdinand āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§, Cardinal āĻāĻŦāĻ Bosola āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: Websterâs masterpiece âThe Duchess of Malfiâ is one of the best melodramas of English literature. He injects all the required elements of melodrama in this drama. Readers can swallow the actual taste of a melodrama by this play.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ âThe Duchess of Malfiâ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
5. Comment on the dramatic significant of the last scene in the play âDoctor Faustusâ.
Introduction: Christopher Marlowe (1564â1593) is an outstanding expert in painting the utmost agony and misery in his scenes. His death scenes in all the plays are remarkable for its dense enthusiasm and sharpness.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§ (ā§§ā§Ģā§Ŧā§Ē – ā§§ā§Ģā§¯ā§Š) āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Morality of damnation
After the curse of Christianity and the surrender of Faustusâ soul to the Devil, the extreme action of the play begins. The harshness of fate reaches its peak at the last scene of the play. The man who once dreamed of becoming the King of the world is now totally broken and is waiting for the final damnation. He begs pardon for his sins to God.
When the last hour knocks at the door, the agonized soul of Faustus meets to the eternal doom and damnation. His soliloquy proves his fear of death-
âOh, it strikes, it strikes: Now body turn to air
Or Lucifer will bear thee quick to hell;
O soul, be changed into little waterdrops.
And falll into the ocean, neâer be found.â
It is Faustus who once did not feel dear about the suffering of the hell, but now, the grim of death tragically revealed when we hear the last word from dying Faustusâ lips-
âAh! Mephistophilisâ
The soul is seized by the Devil right after the words uttered by Faustus. Thus, the agony of Faustus is very pitifully and scenically described by Marlowe in the last scene of âDoctor Faustusâ.
Morality of damnation/āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤
āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ Faustus-āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ ā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, Faustus-āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§-
âāĻāĻš, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§: āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Lucifer āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§;
āĻšā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§, āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤â
āĻāĻ Faustus āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻšāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋ-
âāĻāĻš! Mephistophilis “
Faustus-āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, Faustus-āĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž Marlowe “Doctor Faustus” āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: The last scene of âDoctorFaustusâ shows us the extreme sufferings of Faustus. It also shows the devastating end of a proud and extremely ambitious soul.
6. How far Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth?
Introduction: Lady Macbeth is one of the remarkable characters in Shakespeare’s play ” Macbeth ” at the same time one of the witch characters in the history of English literature. she is considered the fourth witch of the play ” Macbeth”.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ ‘Macbeth” āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ ”Macbeth” āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤
High ambition of Lady Macbeth
Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth that is mentioned below with logical arguments. Lady Macbeth was as ambitious as her husband. When she has got a brief account of the prophecies of the witches by hearing this, she has made her mind up as a future queen and always tempts Macbeth how he would be the next king.
āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
A policy maker
Lady Macbeth is the policymaker of the developing plot before her death and the major reason for Macbeth’ s tragic fortune. The murder of Duncan was pre-planned by Lady Macbeth. The banquet party of Macbeth’s palace is held upon lady Macbeth’s wish.
āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ
āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
The role of an inspirational lady
There is a proverb that” Every successful man’s success has a great contribution to his wife behind the success”. But in the case of Macbeth, we find an irony that Lady Macbeth has a great contribution to Macbeth’s tragic death.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ ”āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§”āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž/irony āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
The killer
The murder of Duncan and the murder planning of Banquo’s family was the great disaster of Macbeth’s that happened at lady Macbeth’s will. we notice that not only Macbeth but also Lady Macbeth falls in a tragic life.
”All the perfumes of Arabia are not sweeten this little hand”
This line is enough to understand the sufferings of lady Macbeth for her cruel and inhuman behavior.
āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Duncan āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ Banquo āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤
” āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤āĻā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ/āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž ”
āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤
Conclusion: To conclude, we must say that Shakespeare has shown extreme cruelty and heinous behavior based on the character of Lady Macbeth and side by side has given the message of the humanity that ”Do not be cruel on others”.
7. Write a short note on beast fable.
Introduction: The beast fable is a prose or verse fable or short story that usually has a moral. In beast fable, animal characters are represented as acting with human feelings and motives. The tales of the Greek legendary writer Aesop are the best examples of beast fables. âVolponeâ by Jonson is also called a beast fable.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: The beast fable/āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ Aesop-āĻ°/ āĻāĻļāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° âVolponeâ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Art of characterization
The beast fable presents animal protagonists whose behavior and nature can be compared with that of humans, usually in term of satire or allegory. These comparisons are usually made without paying too much attention to the behavior of the actual animal.
āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Morality
Morality is the predominant purpose of the beast fable. Each fable of this kind has its own morality.
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤/the beast fable āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Literary devices
Beast fable is filled with sundry literary devices (āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ) such as satire, allegory, wit and dramatic irony and humor.
Conclusion: In termination, animal characters are use in beast fable to attack greed, hypocrisy, treachery, flattery, lust and so on.
8. What is poetic justice? Do you notice any poetic justice in âThe merchant of Veniceâ?
Introduction: The term “Poetic Justice” is a literary device in which the good characters are rewarded and the bad characters are punished, by an ironic twist of fate. To put it differently, poetic justice is an ideal form of justice.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: “āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°/āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĨ¤
Best paradigm of Poetic Justice
There are some most interesting poetic justices in the play âThe Merchant of Veniceâ. The best paradigm of poetic justice in the play happens in the trial scene. Getting opportunity to avenge on Antonio, Shylock cleverly sets up a contract with Antonio that if the amount is not paid within fixed time, he will cut a pound of flesh as collateral from any part of Antonioâs body. Shylock thinks that it will be a great opportunity to take revenge on his rival. Antonioâs ships have been destroyed on the Ocean that is why Shylock has charged against Antonio to the Duke of Venice showing the bond. Though Shylock has come to court confident and reveling in his supposed victory, In the end he leaves empty-handed and without his own faith from the court.
Poetic Justice-āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ Antonio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ Antonio-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ Antonio- āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ Antonio- āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻ āĻĢ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨/Bond āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸/Christianity āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
Result of Poetic Justice:
In act-4, poetic justice is expressed two ways. First, after contract the bond, Shylock thought that he would able to destroy his enemy, but he stuck to her own trap and lost his property. Second, Shylock rejects to show mercy, denying the spirit of the law, but when Portia turns the table on him, he is forced to accept.
In Act- 5, The only real poetic justice is to accept the marital relation of Jessica and Lorenzo by Shylock and they will be inheritor his wealth.
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛
Act- ā§Ē āĻ Poetic Justice āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§, āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Shylock āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻĻā§ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤, āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Portia āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤
Act- ā§¨ āĻ, āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ poetic justice āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: in termination, we can say that a wrongdoer must suffer by the end of the lite. AS for example Shylock, Macbeth, Doctor Faustus etc.
9. Write a short note on tragi -comedy.
Introduction: Tragicomedy is a dramatic work incorporating both tragic and comic elements coined by the Roman dramatist Plautus in the 2nd century BC. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is a king as writer of tragicomedy. His comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters or settling down the confusion. A tragicomedy demands several criteria which are available in the famous play âThe Merchant of Veniceâ.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ° Plautus āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĨ¤
Tragi-comic theme
The dominant theme of Shakespeareâs tragicomedies is love. Besides, they have several thematic elements and almost always end with a marriage or reunion. The ending of the play âThe Merchant of Veniceâ traces the happy closure.
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋ-āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽ
āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Standard plot
Shakespearean tragicomedies are based on standard plot. âThe Merchant of Veniceâ is no exception. In this tragicomedy, the standard plot creates suspense for the audience. It develops the plot from the threat to fun with conspicuous message.
āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻš āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Intermingled Characters
Unlike tragedy, tragicomedy intermingles people of the aristocracy with lower- class characters such as the Jewish Merchant Shylock and the clown Launcelot Gobbo.
āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻļ, āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ Shylock āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧ Launcelot Gobbo-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Trickery and comic language
A tragicomedy is engulfed with trickeries and comic languages. Shylockâs trick to avenge on Antonio is a token of abominable mentality. Portiaâs deceased father has left casket riddles so that his daughter could get perfect husband who will love, respect and evaluate her from the core of the heart. By trickery, Shakespeare has applied his proverb that is:
âAll that glitters is not goldâ
āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ Trickery/āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° Antonio-āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĨ¤ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨:
“āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž”
Structure of tragicomedy
The structure of Shakespeareâs tragicomedies is unique since it is engulfed with humor and tragedy. They provide a harmonious blend of the two. To put it differently, humor is used to assure that human life is not always delighted or despaired but often it is both. Such structure is well matched with âThe Merchant of Veniceâ. Thus, it is a fine example of tragicomedy.
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§
āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§’āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§, āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤
Conclusion: Now therefore, it has to be said that âThe Merchant of Veniceâ is a conspicuous paradigm of tragicomedy from top to bottom. Besides, it paves the way of enrichment for comedy in English literature admixed with tragic and comic effects.
10. Comment on the opening scene of âVolponeâ.
Introduction: âVolponeâ is one of the fine examples of tragicomedy that bears multifarious psychological analysis of human beings. The opening scene of the drama is not only humorous but also very critical because it creates puzzle for the audience.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âVolponeâ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Greediness of Volpone
The play opens the morning prayer of Volpone. He worships his gold and considers them as girlfriend, family and friend. He is an old and wealthy childless Venetian (Man of Venice). He loves to gain wealth, especially gold more and more.
Volpone-āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ
āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°/gold āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦā§, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ (āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸)āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
Necessity of a parasite
Volpone plots against people to take their stuffs with the help of his cunning parasite servant Mosca. Many greedy people bring valuable gifts for Volpone expecting to be his heir and grab his property. The sly Volpone pretends to be on his deathbed and deceives them.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻā§āĻŦā§/parasite āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨
āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ° Mosca-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Volpone āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ Volpone-āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ Volpone āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻļāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Greediness and foolishness of others
As the greedy men want to be heir to the asset of Volpone, they bring precious gifts for the fox. Voltore, a lawyer, brings antique and precious plate for Volpone to impress him. Mosca promises Voltore that he will be the only inheritor. Voltore becomes very pleased and goes out. Corbaccio, a very old man, brings a bag of gold coins for Volpone. He expects to outlive Volpone and become the inheritor of his property. Mosca further tricks him to write his will in favor of Volpone and disinherit his own son Bonario. At first the old man hesitates but the cunning Mosca tries to convince him by saying that it is only a pretense of getting the wealth of Volpone. Corbaccio agrees and goes back satisfied. Corvino, a merchant of Venice, brings a pearl and a diamond to please Volpone. Mosca informs that his master is very near to meet his death and Corvino will be the heir to. The merchant leaves and Volpone comes to know that Corvino has a very beautiful wife, Celia. He decides to go disguised to see her.
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ
āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ°āĻž Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ°/Volpone āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ Voltore, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§, Volpone āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ Mosca Voltore-āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ Voltore āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ Corbaccio, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§, Volpone-āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Volpone-āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ Mosca āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ Volpone-āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° Bonario-āĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ Mosca-āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ Corbaccio āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ Corvino Volpone-āĻā§ āĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ Mosca āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ Corvino āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ Volpone āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ Corvino-āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, Celia āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: Now, it is clear that the first scene of the play creates dramatic sensation within the audience that is why they cannot leave theatre before finishing the play.
Part â C
- Discuss âVolponeâ as a satire on the corrupted contemporary English society.
Introduction: âVolponeâ (1607) is a famous comedy of humour by Ben Jonson (1572-1637). Animal characters are represented as acting with human feelings and motives in the play as satire. Greed, lusty desire, womenâs love of fashion, unethical way of profession, superstitious people are the problems of contemporary English society. These are discussed below:
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âVolponeâ (1607) āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ Ben Jonson (1572-1637) āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻ, āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
Satire on greed
At Jonsonâs time, greed is the leading problem in English society. Almost all the people have been attracted for extraordinary things. The writer symbolizes human avarice by the characters of Volpone, Mosca, Voltore, Corbaccio and Corvino. Volpone and Mosca are the main culprit of the crime in the play. Volpone pretends being immediate passenger of death to get wealth from others. Mosca helps him as assistance for everything. Voltore, Corbaccio and Corvino send different types of gifts to get heir of Volpone’s fortune because he has no a child. At the end of play, they have been punished.
āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Jonson āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻž, āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Satire on lusty desire
Jonson satires of illegal lusty desire of English man in his society. Volpone disguises as Scoto of Mantua (a well-known oil/elixir seller) and visits to Corvinoâs place to see his wife, Celia. After seeing her, Volpone becomes very pleased and wants her in his bed. Mosca helps him for his lusty desire. Mosca convinces Corvino in the following manner:
âNo, no; it must be one that has no trick, sir,
Some simple thing, a creature made unto it;
Some wench you may command.â
By the help of Corvino, Volpone gets his wife in his place but she is not consent. Volpone tries to rape her, being failed plots against Bonario, son of Corbaccio.
āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻā§ (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ / āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž) āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨:
“āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž; āĻāĻāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°,
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ;
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ “
āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Satire on womenâs love of fashion and talkative
Ben Jonson satirizes womenâs love of fashion and talkative by the character of Lady Politic Would-be. She wants to show herself educated to others. She imitates Venetian prostitutesâ fashions and many more. Thus, the writer mocks the loquacious woman in contemporary English society.
āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻš’āĻ˛-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Satire on unethical ways of the professions
Ben Jonson satirizes the man who serves unethical ways of profession for money. Voltore is a lawyer. He tries to be the heir of Volpone by bringing gifts. He supports Volpone illegally in the court against Bonario. Volpone tries to rape Celia but by Moscaâs conspiracy Bonario goes there. He has been convicted Celia’s rapist in the court by Voltore’s unethical way of profession. Thus, he satirizes lawyers.
He also satirizes physicians for unethical ways of profession in the play. They charge high fees for visiting. He argues that they experiment on patients and even the law not only supports them but gives great reward. It will be clear from these sentences:
âAnd then, they do it by experiment,
For which the law not only death absolveâem.
But gives them great reward; and he is loath
To hire his deathâ
Thus, he satirizes physicians of getting money in unethical ways.
āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ
āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§:
âāĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§,
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ â
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Satire on superstitious people and tourists
The writer satirizes superstitious people and tourists by the character of Sir Politic Would-be and Mr. Peregrine. Their attempt of befooling each other by talking of different money-making projects, their talks on superstitious, foreign conspiracy etc. are satirized in the play.
āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšā§-āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸, āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: To sum up, from the light of the above discussion, we may assert that Ben Jonson purely shows the contemporary English society. He attacks greed, hypocrisy, treachery, flattery, lust and so on by dint of the beast fable technique.
- Discuss Volpone as a comedy of Humor.
Introduction: The comedy of humours is a genre of dramatic comedy that focuses on a character or range of characters. Each character exhibits two or more most important traits or humors that govern their personality, desires and behavior. Jonsonâs comedies were different from those of his contemporaries. His comedies have earned a name, comedy of humours. âVolponeâ by Ben Jonson (1572-1637) is the best paradigm of comedy of humours.
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Characters based on humor
Jonson makes his characters based on one humour and they display some funny or ludicrous exaggeration. In âVolponeâ, we find that the playwright limns one chief passion that is greed. This greed affects almost all the characters of the play.
āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âVolponeâ, -āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Volpone and Mosca: The play opens with the worship of gold of the protagonist, Volpone. The spirit of gold-worship surrounds or permeates the whole play. Volpone enjoys collecting or amassing money by his cunning and parasite Mosca who supports every whim or sudden intention of his master or patron. Volpone is even tempted to carnal passion by his parasite. Mosca becomes able to rouse carnal passion withing his patron through an outstanding description of Celiaâs beauty.
âBright as your gold and lovely as your goldâ
Thus, the only humor of Volpone is to increase wealth and Mosco is the perfect helper only.
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“āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°”
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĨ¤
The legacy hunters: All the legacy hunters are deeply immersed or absorbed in their passionate greed. Voltore throws away his own honor and the respect of his profession. Corbaccio sacrifices the interests of his own dutiful son and gives false testimony against him in court. Corvino prepares to make prostitute of his own pious wife and falsely accuses her of being a prostitute. Also, the beautiful Madam Lady Would-be somehow is ready to be involved in gaining at least a portion of Volponeâs wealth. Even the judge, under the lure of gold, dreams of making the former parasite, Mosca, his son-in-law. So, the play presents a picture of stark materialistic passion. Such desire and personality are totally token of comedy of humours.
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Complexity of characters
In a Comedy of Humors, each character shows more traits or humors which make them complex. This is also clear in case of Volpone and Mosca. Though greed is the dominant trait in them, there are other traits too in them.
āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯, āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Complexity of Volpone: Volpone is not a mere hoarder of property but a sensualist. We find him possessing a zest for life. As Corvino leaves, notice what he says.
âPrepare
Me music, dances, banquets, and all delight.
The Turk is not more sensual in his pleasures
Than is Volpone.â
What Volpone displays is the renaissance love for a high lifestyle prompted by a desire to attain transcendence. Further Volpone is an actor of consummate skill since he puts on the appearance of a sick old man before the legacy hunters. He disguises himself as a mountebank to see Celia and acts the role so convincingly. Later we find him putting on the dress of a Commandatore and teasing all the three legacy hunters. Even when he appears in the court neither the judges nor the other officials find anything suspicious in the imposter. Surely, he is a skilled actor with complex intentions.
āĻāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
“āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ, āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻš‘āĻ˛
āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻš āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
Complexity of Mosca: Mosca is a complex character too. This parasite is trying to outwit his patron because he reveals everything before the court in a very abrupt manner. He says.
âI am Volpone and this is my knave
And reverend fathers, since we all can hope
Nought, but a sentence, lets not now despair.â
We find his quick brain though this self-imposed confession contains a lot of puzzling and obnoxious ideas. And when the verdict is over, he says with the same spontaneity:
âThis is called the mortifying of the fox.â
āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻˇāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨
âI am Volpone and this is my knave
And reverend fathers, since we all can hope
Nought, but a sentence, lets not now despair.â
āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨:
“āĻāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤”
Bonario and Celia: Bonario and Celia are minor characters and are shadowy. However, they too play their roles in contributing to the comedy of humours. Both represent the good and the innocence that ultimately comes out successful.
āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž: āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: Ben Jonson is the natural genius for expression of his comedy of humours. And âVolponeâ is a striking memento of comedy of humours because of its defined plot construction.
- Discuss the role of Portia in the drama of Merchant of Vince?
Introduction: Portia is the character of the drama âThe Merchant of Veniceâ which is written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He portrays the character of Portia as a religious man, a wise man, a believing wife, a generous man. Portia is portrayed as a tasteful and good-natured woman. On the other hand, she is the heroin of the drama. Now, we will discuss the role of Portia.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤
Religious women: Portia is the marriageable girl of Marcus porcius Cato Uticencis. Before he died, he decided that one of the three boxes would contain a picture of a Portia and that he would given marry his daughter to the person who would find it for the first time. When Antonio comes to look for the picture, Portia prays to the creator that Antonio gets the picture. And this scene proves that Portia is a pious woman.
âGod made him and therefore let him pass for a man.â
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĨ¤
“āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤”
Desired woman: we know that Portia father name is Marcus porcius Cato Uticencis. His father owned many properties. Before he died, his daughter performed a marriage ceremony. He put pictures of his daughter in three boxes. And the person who can determine the opportunity once the picture will be married to the daughter. Because of this, princes from different states kept coming. He has to become the object of desire because his father’s wealth is more. Then this is Portia a desirable woman.
āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž: āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĨ¤
Generosity: she was a beautiful, she had a wit. He proved to be wise by defending Bassanio. Antonio needs 3000 rupees to get married. Then he took 3000 rupees from Shylock. Although he is supposed to pay Bassanio. Shylock gives three months to deposit money. Bassanio could not pay within three months because his ship did not return. Then the shylock seeks justice according to the conditions. And Antonio may know this. After that, he opened everything and said Portia. Then Portia pays a lot of money to save Bassanio. It proves that he is from the side of the great benefactor.
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 3000 āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 3000 āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĨ¤
âA second Daniel, a Daniel, Jew! Now Infidels I have you on the hip.â
Expert in present intelligence: Portia was a man whose present intellect was abundant. When the shylock cuts a piece of meat, the portia protects Bassanio. Then you can cut the meat called portia. It is written in the will. But the will is not written to bleed. If blood comes out, you have to pay compensation. Then Shylock loses the case, Bassanio survives. Saving this life shows that his present intellect is much better.
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
Believable wife: Portia gives Antonio the gift of a ring on the first day. Portia says he never loses it. The man who saves Bassanio is named Balthazar. To save Bassanio’s life, he gives the ring to Balthazar. Although Balthazar is portia in disguise. When he came home and talked about the ring, Antonio told everything to Portia. Although the ring is near the Portia. Antonio unknowingly made no conspiracy with the ring Portia.
âA Daniel come to judgment! Yea, a Daniel!
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
âāĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ¨! āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ˛!
Incognito: Portia is the wife of Antonio. Her name is Balthazar when he has to disguise. And Balthazar is the lawyer. He saves Bassanio.
āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: From the all above discussion we can say that portia is one of the most prepossessing character in the drama. She is a calm and virtuous woman.
- Discuss the trial scene of âThe Marchant of Veniceâ.
Introduction: âThe Marchant of Veniceâ (1623) is a romantic tragi-comedy by William Shakespeare (1564 â 1616). In the trial scene, Antonioâs life has been saved by Portiaâs disguising role in the court of Venice. Shakespeare shows a superb trick by the character of Portia which provides us amazing pleasure. Shylock has been given a hard punishment for his attempt to murder to Antonio.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: âThe Marchant of Veniceâ (1623) William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋ-āĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§, āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Shakespeare Portia āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻļā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Trial scene in âThe Marchant of Veniceâ
After scanning the trial scene of the play, we get some points which are discussed below:
âThe Marchant of Veniceâ āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯
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Inferiority of Judaism
Trial scene helps to identify Shylockâs business. He is the culprit of the society. He is the follower of Judaism. He is a usurer and symbols of Jew. The bond episode of the play discusses his inferiority. When Basanio takes loan from Shylock with Antonioâs guaranty, Shylock gives a condition. The condition is the loan has to be paid in three months. Otherwise a pound of flesh from Antonioâs body will be taken cut off. He plans to take revenge on Antonio.
āĻāĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
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Evidence of true friendship
The trial scene of the play is an evidence of true friendship. Bassanio is the friend of Antonio. He is the guarantor of Bassanioâs 3000 ducats of loan. Without any hesitation, Antonio is ready to pay Bassanio’s loan. From the message of Salerio, Bassanio comes to know that Antonio has been arrested in the court of Venice. He goes there with 6000 ducats from Portia to save the life of Antonio. This scene makes the history of true friendship in the heart of the audience.
āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
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Focussing on law and justice of Venice
This scene of the play focusses on law and justice of Venice. When Antonio fails to pay Shylock’s loan in fixed period, Shylock charges in the court against Antonio by power of the bond. Unfortunately, it is rumoured that his all investment in ship has been finished because of shipwreck. Firstly, the Duke of Venice says him to forgive Antonio. But he does not want to unmoved from the bond. Even being Christian the Duke charges against Antonio in accordance with the bond of Shylock. The trial scene proves the logical administration of Venice.
āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
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Excess brings havoc
By the trial scene, Shakespeare tries to show that excess of anything brings havoc. In the court, Bassanio offers Shylock twice even ten times of his loan but he does not take money. He wants flesh to harm Antonio. For his excess wanting, he brings havoc for himself by his own hand. Portia makes him fool with a superb trick. Shylock says that:
âBy my soul I swear,
There is no power in the tongue of man
To alter me, I stay here on my bond.â
āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ
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Female power
In trial scene, we get Portia as a male character in disguise. After sending Bassanio with money, she comes here with the name of Doctor Balthazar with her maid servant Nerissa. She takes disguise of male due to superiority of male in the court. Firstly, she says him to forgive Antonio and looks at the bond and urges thrice the amount of the loan.
When he refuges again, Portia bids Antonio to prepare Shylock’s knife. She stops Shylock few moments ago of cutting flesh and informs him that the bond allows a pound of flesh. But the bond does not allow him any drop of Antonio’s blood. She says that:
âTherefore, prepare thee to cut off the flesh.
Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more
âĻâĻ., if the scale do turn
But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate.â
Shylock does not able to take flesh without blood because this is impossible. He is found guilty of conspiring to commit murder against a citizen of Venice. Thus, female power is proved in the trial scene.
āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Antonio āĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ Antonio āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĢā§āĻāĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŽ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§:
âāĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž
âĻâĻāĨ¤, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§,
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤”
āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Superiority of Christianity
In trial scene, superiority of Christianity has been shown by converting Shylock from Judaism to Christianity. At the end of the scene, the Duke gives half of the property of Shylock to Antonio, another half takes for the state, and spares his life instead of death. But Antonio asks the court to drop the fine of half of the property for states and another half for Lorenzo and Jessica upon Shylock’s death. Shylock converts to Christianity and agrees to these terms and leaves the court.
āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻšā§āĻĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, we can say that poetic justice has been shown in trial scene. Somebody says that Shylock has been punished more than he deserved in the scene.
- Discuss the ring-episode of âThe Merchant of Veniceâ.
Introduction: Shakespeareâs mastery in the field of literature is untold. The ring episode of âThe Merchant of Veniceâ is one of the vital tricks like bond trick, casket riddle and trial scene. To put it differently, it is predominating one to provide momentum to the development of the dramaâs plot.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ âThe Merchant of Veniceâ-āĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ, āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤
The ring episode
The word âepisodeâ synonymously indicates event or story. So, ring episode stands for such type of events or stories of the play which are basically related to love and marriage. But in the play, there are three dimensional significances of the ring episode.
āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ
âāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦâ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĨ¤
Love, commitment, and wealth
The ring episode first happens in act three, scene two after Bassanioâs winning over the casket problem. The love between Bassanio and Portia is the key term of the play. From the very outset of the story, Bassanio expresses his deep feeling and passion for Portia. On the other hand, Portia is tired of the casket riddle, but she also bears best wishes for Bassanio. Bassanio shows his hurry to take the chance of casket lottery as soon as he arrives at Belmont after borrowing three thousand ducats from the Venetian usurer Shylock. Portiaâs partiality for Bassanio is the sign of love but she conceals it for the last moment of solving casket puzzle. She cannot but expose herself whenever Bassanio gets won over the casket secret. She declares her love and commitment and allows Bassanio as the authority of her wealth. It is in her tongue:
This house, these servants and this same myself
Are yours, my lord: I give them with this ring;
Which when you part from, lose, or give away,
Let it presage the ruin of your love
After hearing this superb speech from Portia, Bassanio instantly agrees and promises to take well care of the ring. He confidently proclaims that only death can bring the closure of his love. Thus, ring is the symbol of love, commitment, and wealth. This is also proven through Shylockâs lamentation.
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĄāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻāĻŦāĻ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ, Bassanio Portia-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, Portia āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻ¸ā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ Portia-āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° Bassanio āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, Portia āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§/āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ Bassanio-āĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:
āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°–āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°, āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ°
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§: āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§;
āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§, āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§,
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§
Portia-āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, Bassanio āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ Shylock-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
Friendship and gratefulness
After long tiring arguments at the court of the Duke of Venice, disguised Dr. Balthazar rescues Antonio from the mouth of death. Bassanio then offers the young lawyer some considerable amount of money. In response, the young lawyer Dr. Balthazar asserts that he does not charge money whenever he saves someone from death. But he surprises Bassanio by demanding the ring of his finger. Bassanio shows his reluctance to give the ring because of his promise and commitment. But Antonio persuades Bassanio to give the ring to the lawyer. Eventually, Bassanio confers the ring to Dr. Balthazar. Therefore, Bassanio is loser and grateful friend at the same time.
āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Duke of Veniceâ-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļāĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§ Dr. Balthazar Antonio-āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Bassanio āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§ Dr. Balthazar āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ Bassanio-āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻšāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ Antonio āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Bassanio-āĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§, Bassanio Dr. Balthazar-āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, Bassanio āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĨ¤
Driving force for funny and happy ending
When the audience will enjoy âThe Merchant of Veniceâ for the first time, they may be pretty sure that the trial scene is the last scene of the play. But Shakespeareâs creative genius is somewhat beyond expectation of the spectators. The last ring episode creates the suspense for happy and funny ending. Bassanio with Antonio and Gratiano reaches to Belmont at Portiaâs house. Portia is happy seeing Antonio free, but she blames her husband to spend night with illicit woman because of absence of the ring in his finger. Bassanio tries to convince Portia but she is unmoved. Antonio comes forward to save his friend and politely confesses that he is responsible for all. Then Portia gives Antonio the ring to offer it Bassanio. Bassanio inquires how it is possible. Portia answers humorously that the same lawyer came to Belmont and she spent a night with him that is why she was gifted it. Nerissa also behaves with Gratiano like Portia. After having realized the cross-dressing twist, Bassanio reacts in the following manner:
Sweet doctor, you shall be my bedfellow:
When I am absent, then lie with my wife.
āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ° âThe Merchant of Veniceâ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ Bassanio Antonio āĻāĻŦāĻ Gratiano-āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ Portia-āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Portia Antonio-āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio Portia-āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ Antonio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Portia AntonioāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ Bassanio-āĻā§ āĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĨ¤ Portia āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ Portia-āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ GratianoāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸-āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, Bassanio āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:
āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻšāĻŦā§:
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: In termination, it is vivid and transparent that the ring episodes do not only signifies Elizabethan tradition of love, wealth and commitment of the upper class but also decorate the characters with virtue, intellect and humor. It is undoubtedly inevitable for plot structure too.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĄ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ Elizabethan āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤
- Discuss Dr. Faustus as a tragic character.
Introduction: A tragic character is one who is decorated with hamartia or tragic fault and rises pity and fear withing the audience. Dr. Faustus who is the protagonist of Christopher Marloweâs tragedy âDoctor Faustusâ is an emblem of modern concept of tragic figure.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ hamartia āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ Christopher Marlowe āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ âDoctor Faustusâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ Dr. Faustus āĻšāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤
Level of nature and birth
Level of nature means how the tragic character should be. Aristotle recommends that a tragic character must be a person of average class. He must not be so good or bad. Dr. Faustus is not so good and so bad. He stays at the middle term. Personified Good Angel and Bad Angel is symbol of his middle term heart. The matter of fact is that Dr. Faustus does not belong to high class. Rather, he belongs to middle class family. But he is a perfect paradigm of tragic character since rest of the fundamental features are well matched with him.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ Aristotle āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ Dr. Faustus āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻĄ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ Dr. Faustus āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Tragic fault
The tragic fault causes the downfall of the hero. It indicates the three facts such as ignorance of circumstances, error of judgement and voluntary commitment for error. Dr. Faustus has a tragic flaw that is his high ambition. Thus, Marlowe is influential on Shakespeare in respect of creating tragic figure since Macbeth is akin to Faustus though the background is different.
āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻˇ
āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ Dr. Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, Marlowe āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ Shakespeare āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ Macbeth, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤
Excessive pride and disrespect for natural order
At the outset, Faustus is shown as a man of excessive pride. He has gained knowledge on sundry branches such as philosophy, theology, medicine etc. He takes pride in his expertise and laments that his knowledge has brought nothing for him. He violates the natural order of his life and determines to practice necromancy or black magic so that he can dominate the world according to his intention.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§, Faustus āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨, āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ necromancy āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ world āĻā§ āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Reversal of fate
Peripeteia or reversal of fate is one of the key features of tragic hero. In the tragedy, Marlowe has represented Faustusâ life cycle from misery to happiness to complete damnation. This life cycle is the perfect paradigm of reversal of fate. As a versatile scholar, Faustus is a very prestigious man of Germany but he himself is not satisfied at all. He wants power, money and fame that is why he decides to practice black magic. With the help of his two German friends Valdes and Cornelius, he gets his expertise on black magic and summons the servant of Lucifer namely Mephistophilis.
âI charge thee wait upon me whilst I live,
To do whatever Faustus shall command,
Be it to make the moon drop from her sphere,
Or the ocean to overwhelm the world.â
Mephistophilis eventually becomes his servant for twenty-four years but the condition is provided by him to Faustus that Faustus must sell his soul to Lucifer permanently. In return, he will get supreme power. This allures Faustus utmost, but he forgets the final damnation.
āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤
Peripeteia āĻŦāĻž reversal of fate āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§, Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ Marlowe āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, Faustus āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ Valdes and Cornelius āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ Lucifer āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ Mephistophilis āĻā§ āĻĄā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
âI charge thee wait upon me whilst I live,
To do whatever Faustus shall command,
Be it to make the moon drop from her sphere,
Or the ocean to overwhelm the world.â
Mephistophilis āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Faustus āĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ Faustus āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž Lucifer āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ Faustus āĻā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
Punishment and suffering
A tragic character suffers a lot because of hamartia and hubris. Dr. Faustus is no exception. He gets his reward of evil practice by the end of the play. Before his complete ruin, he is to suffer a lot. His sufferings are proven by his fear of hell. To get rid of his anguish, he finally makes mistake and orders his servant to bring Helen.
âSweet Helen make me immortal with a kiss!
Her lips suck forth my soul see where it flies!
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ
Hamartia and Hubris āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻā§ Helen āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Pity and fear
Faustus damnation is really heart touching. A scholar who has versatile wisdoms collapses completely. He can be the asset of the world, but his road of life diversifies him from the perfect level of life to heinous one. He receives a terrible death because, after his death, his body has been chopped into pieces. It is believed that audience leave theatre with tears since they thought that Faustusâ damnation is purified because he was influenced by his ill-natured friends to start his journey of life in the path of evil.
āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻšāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is vivid and transparent that Dr. Faustus is tragic character like Oedipus, Agamemnon, Hamlet, Othello and certainly Macbeth although he lacks high birth or noble blood. And Marlowe is the pioneer of modern concept of tragic character.
- Discuss Macbeth as a tragic hero.
Introduction: A Shakespearean tragedy is a tale of exceptional sufferings and destructions. Macbeth by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is one of the finest paradigms of classical concept of tragic figure. He is easily traceable as a tragic hero since Shakespeare has decorated him with perfect tragic flaw.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Shakespearean āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĨ¤ William Shakespeare (1564-1616) āĻāĻ° Macbeth āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĨ¤ Shakespeare Macbeth āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤
High birth or blood
A tragic character must have high birth or blood. Macbeth is one of the high-class people of Scotland in the play âMacbethâ. He is the present thane of Galmis and has been nominated and eventually selected as the thane of Cawdor. Though we know nothing about the parentage of Macbeth, he is man of royal vein because of his professional position and activities.
āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĨ¤ âMacbethâ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§ Macbeth āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ Galmis-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ Cawdor āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž Macbeth āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĨ¤
Neither so good nor bad
Aristotle recommends that a tragic character must be a person of average class. He must not be so good or bad. In the beginning, Macbeth is a good and noble general who shows his bravery in the battlefield between Norway and Scotland. His patriotism is proven. A patriot cannot be so bad. But his better human nature gets degenerated by the influence of the witches and criminal incitement of his wife. The bloody dagger scene is a hallucinated expression of his guilty mind. So, Macbeth is a well-matched dramatic persona with the concept of tragic figure.
āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ
Aristotle āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§, Macbeth āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Norway āĻāĻŦāĻ Scotland āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ§āĻāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, Macbeth āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĨ¤
Hamartia
Hamartia is a Greek word which means tragic flaw causes the downfall of the hero. it does not refer to moral falling or absence of morality. Rather it indicates the three facts such as ignorance of circumstances, error of judgement and voluntary commitment for error. Here Macbeth fulfills all the facts of tragic flaw due to his soaring ambition and the ways in which he commits murders.
âI have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself……â
āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Hamartia āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ Macbeth āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ˛-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĨ¤
âāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻš āĻ¨ā§āĻ
āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¤ā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛
āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ …… “
Hubris
Hubris is a Greek word that stands for excessive pride and disrespect for natural order of things. Macbeth is engulfed with hubris. He is caught by hubris as soon as Duncan declares that his elder son Malcolm will be the next king of Scotland. Now Macbeth ponders over the possibility of his being king. He violates the natural order and decides to kill king Duncan. A character having no hubris is an angel or the best one and as a tragic character Macbeth is no exception.
āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸
Hubris āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Macbeth hubris āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĨ¤ Duncan āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ Malcolm āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§, Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻ˛ā§ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨ Macbeth āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž Duncan āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Hubris āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ Macbeth āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
Peripeteia
The Greek word peripeteia implies reversal of fate that is one of the prime features of tragic character. It is the journey of a tragic character from happiness to misery or from misery to happiness to distress. Until the criminal activities were done, Macbeth was one of the happiest and prestigious men of Scotland. His fate is completely reversed when he kills Banquo. A brave general like Macbeth also turns into a coward. In Act 2, scene 2, after murdering Duncan, he is completely overwhelmed by the growing physical and mental fear that is why he cannot return to the place of murder.
âIâll go no mor:
I am afraid to think what I have done:
Look onât again I dare not.â
Creating such reversal of fate is only possible by Shakespeare. So, Macbeth is an ideal tragic character though Shakespeareâs technique is quite different.
āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ peripeteia āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, Macbeth āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ BanquoāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ 2-āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ 2-āĻ, DuncanāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤
âāĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻž:
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻŋ:
āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤â
āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, Macbeth āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĨ¤
Nemesis
Nemesis prescribes the punishment and suffering for a tragic character. The tragic character must suffer utmost because of his hamartia and hubris. There is no bound of punishment and suffering for Macbeth. His hallucinations can be cited as the example of his sufferings. His happy and sensational conjugal life is destructed because of Lady Macbethâs incurable sleep walking and madness. Thus, Macbeth’s life becomes a heap of destruction.
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸
Nemesis āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĨ¤ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ Lady Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
Catharsis
Catharsis refers to pity and fear roused within the audience. There is no audience throughout the world who cannot but shed tears seeing the damnation of Macbeth. Though Macbethâs ruin is a poetic justice, it brings about the purgation of pity and fear because he was patriot and has not completely committed crime out of his intention.
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨
Catharsis āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž/āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĨ¤
Conclusion: In termination, it can be undoubtedly asserted that Macbeth is a classical tragic character like Shakespeareâs King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, or even like Sophoclesâ Oedipus although Shakespeare has turned him into a villain.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ Macbeth Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ King Lear, Hamlet, Othello-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ Sophocles-āĻāĻ° Oedipus-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ Shakespeare
- To what Extant do the Witches influence Macbethâs decision and action? Discuss.
Or, explain briefly the part played by the Weird Sisters in the action of the play Macbeth.
Introduction: It is universally accepted that Shakespeare (1564-1616) is the master for creating new terms to represent the contemporary social and mental background of human beings. In the famous tragedy âMacbethâ, he has shown that witches live in mind because the physical influence of the witches is the allegory of mental state of Macbeth who is a highly ambitious commander. However, the witches influence Macbethâs decision hugely.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ âMacbethâ -āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§, āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
A link between Macbeth and The Witches:
It is significant that the witchesâ comment towards the end of the opening scene- âFair is foul and foul is fairâ is echoed in Macbethâs opening remark in the play: âso foul and fair a day I have not seen.â The strange coincidence evidently establishes a connection â a kind of affinity- between Macbeth and the Witches, even before they meet. It also brings out the possibility that Macbeth, who has so far been referred to as a brave general in the heights of glory, has a somewhat trained soul and is, therefore, vulnerable to the witchâs machinations.
āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ:
āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ âFair is foul and foul is fairâ is echoed in Macbethâs opening remark in the play: âso foul and fair a day I have not seen.â āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ – āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻāĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Seed of ambition
At the start of the play, Shakespeare defines Macbeth as a hero. Macbeth is portrayed as a good and loyal man. He is loyal to his King, to his wife and to his friends. This is shown in Act I Scene II when he is established as “brave Macbeth” and a “valiant cousin, worthy gentleman”. However, there is a secret ambition to become king under this loyalty. This weakness is evident in his reaction to the witches’ prophecies. When the Witches meet Macbeth and Banquo, they greet Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and the Thane of Cawdor and predict that he will be the king of Scotland.
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ
āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ” āĻāĻŦāĻ “āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ” āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
First Witch:
All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!
Second Witch:
All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!
Third Witch:
All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!
The Witches predict about Banquo that he will be the manufacturer of a line of kings of Scotland. When Ross and Angus inform Macbeth that King Duncan has declared him the thane of Cawdor, Macbeth hopefully begins to look forward to the fulfillment of the final prediction. Thus, prophesy of the Witches has made a deep impression on Macbethâs mind.
āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Blind influence for Power:
The Witches are not fully responsible for Duncanâs murder. It is Lady Macbeth who gives the fuel to the fire of Macbethâs ambition to kill Duncan. Macbeth sends a letter to his wife Lady Macbeth about the prophecies. After reading the letter, Lady Macbeth thinks that she must plan to murder Duncan to be queen because Macbeth is a man of good nature.
When Duncan arrives at Inverness that is the name of Macbeth’s castle. Macbeth controlled his ambition for the time being and did not want to kill Duncan. In his soliloquy (Act I Scene VII), Macbeth ponders the arguments against killing Duncan. But his wife, Lady Macbeth forces him. She convinces him by asserting that the murder would go undiscovered. She advises her husband in the following manner:
Only look up clear;
To alter favour ever is to fear:
Leave all the rest to me.
Macbeth cannot but agree to murder by such vehement argument. Thus, Macbeth kills Duncan being influenced by the high ambition of his wife Lady Macbeth.
āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ:
āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĨ¤
āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§ (Act I Scene VII), -āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¨:
Only look up clear;
To alter favour ever is to fear:
Leave all the rest to me.
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Tendency for permanent Power:
The addiction for permanent power has degenerated Macbeth from a human to a butcher like evil. He is now unable to stop. He wishes to ensure his everlasting power that is why he is ready to further heinous steps. He is now in tension for the prophecy that the throne will eventually pass to the descendants of Banquo. Macbeth hatches a conspiracy against that man and eventually Banquo is killed by the professional murderers of Macbeth. It is Macbethâs second crime. He commits another crime warned by the first apparition. The first apparition warned Macbeth to beware of Macduff and Macbeth has already been feeling apprehensive of Macduffâs attitude towards him. As a result, he decides to massacre Macduffâs family.
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Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is transparent that the witches influence Macbeth in a great scale but they are not performer but just foreteller. So, witches are the allegory of secret desire of Macbethâs mind.
- Discuss the Faustus as an embodiment the Renaissane hero.
Introduction: Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) is one of the most famous playwrights not only Elezabethan age (1558-1603) but also whole age in the English literature. He has written famous drama which is named âDoctor Faustusâ. Although, this drama is written in age of Elizabethan age but it is highlighted the characteristic of Renaissance age that is why it is called Renaissance hero. Why is “Doctor Faustus” called Renaissance hero, which we will do proved it.
Characteristics of Renaissance age: Firstly, we have to know about of characteristics of Renaissance age. The features of Renaissance age are:
i. High imagination
ii. Subjectivity
iii. Super natural element
iv. Love for nature and beauty
v. Thirst for knowledage
vi. Adventurious life
vii. Excessive materialistic out looking
viii. Pelf and power
All those characteristics are fulfilled in the drama “Doctor Faustus
Adventurous life: The definition of adventurous life âSomeone who is adventurous is willing to take risks and to try new methods. Something that is adventurous involves new things or ideas.â Here, Faustus is symbol of adventurous life. Because, Faustus is a common man in London. He wanted to come new lifestyle. He had wanted to do the discover by his power another thing which is not discovered it now. Its characteristics has been proved that Faustus has contained to done adventitious life.
âBut Faustus, thou must bequeath it solemnly.
And write a deed of gift with thine own blood,
For that security craves great Lucifer.â
Thirst for knowledage: The drama, “Doctor Faustus” is the full name of âThe tragical History of Death of Doctor Faustusâ. Doctor Faustus is the main character of the drama. He is a German scholar. His was much knowledge about anything subject. But he wants to learn everything and knowing of all above the world. His has two friends who are named valdes and Cornelius. They talk with Faustus to learn about black magics. His friends give a book for learning to black magics. And he decides that he will learn the black magics. At first, Mephistophilis has come to near the Faustus and he said that i will be your servant but only for 24 years. Mephistophilis has said that i am agree with your opinion but i have a one condition which has to give your soul after 24 years. Faustus agree with his opinion because of thirst for knowledge which it has to proved that Faustus as a thirst for knowledge.
âTis magic, magic that hath ravished me.â
Pelf and power: Pelf and power are another characteristic of Renaissance people. Faustus was a scholar. He would have been done to spend his life as a scholar but he wants to power. He wanted to become a powerful man in Landon. For the power, he had to learn black magics which is the feature of Renaissence people.
High imagination: Faustus is a common man in London. He has done the dream that he is powerful man in England. He has done the reign and he has much power in the London. It was imagination of faustus.its characteristics has been proved that Faustus has contained to done adventitious life.
Super natural element: Its element is the fulfill in the drama. The scenc of selling horses are the example of supernatural elements. In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, Helen, Helena, also known as Helen of Sparta, was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She died a long-time age. But Faustus want to sex with Helen. It is an impossible. Thereafter, Mephistophilis bring Helen who is beautiful woman.
âSweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss.–
Her lips suck forth my soul: see, where it flies!–
Come, Helen, come, give me my soul again.
Here will I dwell, for heaven is in these lips,â
Conclusion: From all above discussion, we can understand that characteristic of renaissance age has been highlighted by the character of Doctor Faustus that is why we can called Doctor Faustus as a Renaissance Hero.
- Discuss Bosola as a Machiavellian character or villain.
Introduction: In the famous play âThe Duchess of Malfiâ by John Webster (1580-1632), the character of Daniel de Bosola is so much complicated and complex among all of the characters. In other words, he works as a Machiavellian villain in this drama. He spread his evil spell among other characters to begin quarrel among them.
Villainous tool:
In the play, Bosola acts as a tool-kit of Ferdinand and Cardinal. The two brothers hired him as a spy in the guise of the care-taker of the horses. But actual reason behind hiring Bosola is to keep eyes on the Duchessis to prevent her from second marriage. Because, the Royal family is not allow to have second marriage. As Ferdinand says to the Duchess-
âYou live in a rank pasture, here, the court;
There is a kind of honeydew thatâs deadly;
It will poison your fame; look to it: be not cunningâ
Meanwhile, he become succeed to find out that the Duchess had a secret marriage with Antonio and give birth three children. He also reveals the secret of the Duchess by betraying her.
Malcontent-meditator:
Bosola is called displeasing-meditator for some suspicious deeds he did for Cardinal. The malcontent may be a certain character sort that develops in Jacobean exact retribution catastrophe. A malcontent can be recognized by the number of characteristics he has. He may be unhappy individual, offended, humorous and melancholic. Like one of the key characters of this play, Bosola can effectively said to have these features. The introduction of Bosola in the first scene of the play certainly does concur with the description of the malcontent. Antonio addresses him as a âblack malcontentâ whose âfoul melancholy will poison all his goodness.â
A realist: Bosola considers himself as a realist, self-aware with agenuineevaluation of his nature and condition, but actually he demonstrates to be more of a frustratedvisionary. Even though he plays the faithful servant in murdering for the brothers, neither of them shows any gratitude towards him.
An avenger: Bosola is a perfect avenger of this play. He kills the Duchess by choking her throat as her brothers ordered him. He says about the sufferings of the Duchess as-
âSheâs sad as one long usâd to it, and she seems
Rather to welcome the end of misery
Than shun it; a behavior so noble
As gives a majesty to adversity.â
But instantly, after the refusal of his reward, he vows to take revenge on the brothers. Though he enters to Cardinalâs to kill him, but accidently he kills Antonio. But Bosola does not stop. When Bosola finds Cardinal, he tells him that he has come to kill him. Meanwhile, he stabs him. He cries out for help. Hearing his cry, Ferdinand enters the room. He gives mortal wounds both of them and in return Bosola stabs him-
âWhether we fall by ambition, blood or lust,
Like diamonds, we are cut with our own dust.â
Slightly better than bad: In spite of having a number of bad side, Bosola has some goodness in him. When he observe the terrible death of the Duchess, his goodness awake in him. He killed the two brothers to take revenge because the death of the duthchess gives him extreme blow. He wanted to save Antonioâs life, but he accidently killed him. The following lines expresses his goodness in him-
âO, this gloomy world!
In what a shadow, or deep pit of darkness,
Doth womanish and fearful mankind live?â
Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that the character of Bosola is a Machiavellian villain, at a time a slight Goodman too. But, if he had not been refused to gold, he would not be changed. In this way he is a Machiavellian character with a distinction.