Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama NU Exam 2020

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Subject: Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama

Exam – 2020

Suggestion

Part – B

  1. How does Volpone earn gold and money? 
  2. Write a short note on “Dr. Faustus” as morality play.
  3. How is Macbeth as tragedy of ambition?
  4. Comment on the opening scene of “Volpone”.
  5. Describe the wooing scene of “The Duchess of Malfi”.
  6. What is poetic justice? Do you find any poetic Justice in “The Merchant of Venice”?
  7. What Melodramatic elements do you find in “The Duchess of Malfi”?
  8. Write a short note on tragicomedy.
  9. What is the dramatic significance of the last scene of “Dr. Faustus”?
  10. How far Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth?

Part – C

  1. Discuss Macbeth as a tragic hero.
  2. Discuss the role of Portia.
  3. Discuss Dr. Faustus as a renaissance hero.
  4. Discuss “Volpone” as a satire on the contemporary English society.
  5. Discuss the trial scene of “The Merchant of Venice”.
  6. To what extent do the witches influence Macbeth’s decision and action? Discuss.
  7. Discuss Bosola as a Machiavellian villain.
  8. Discuss Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero.
  9. What is comedy of humour? Discuss “Volpone” as a comedy of humour.
  10. Discuss the ring-episode of “The Merchant of Venice”.

Part – A

  1. What if the full title of Doctor Faustus?

Ans. The Tragical History of the life and death of Doctor Faustus.

  • In which field of learning’s did Doctor Faustus obtain the doctorate degree?

Ans. Theology.

  • What is Inverness?

Ans. The name of Macbet’s castle.

  • What is Macbeth’s tragic flaw?

Ans high ambition

  • Who are the legacy hunters in Volpone?

Ans. Voltore, Corbaccio, Corvino and Lady Politic Would-be.

  • Who is the blazing star of Italy?

Ans. Celia.

  • What is the sub-title of the play Volpone?

Ans. The Fox.

  • Mention the literary period of John Webster.

Ans. Jacobean Period.

  • Why did Bosola give some apricots to the Duchess?

Ans. To be sure about her pregnancy.

  1. Why does Faustus decide to practice necromancy?

Ans. In order to gain superhuman power.

  1. What is soliloquy?

Ans. Character’s talking to himself that works for self-revelation.

  1. Who is Hecate?

Ans. Goddess of witchcraft.

  1. Who rescues Celia from Volpone?

Ans. Bonario.

  1. How does Julia die in the “The Duchess of Malfi”?

Ans. Julia dies at the Cardinal’s hands from a poisoned Bible.

  1. How do the madmen torture the Duchess?

Ans. By singing and dialoguing.

  1. Why does Bosola stab Antonio?

Ans. Bosola wants to kill the Cardinal but mistakenly he stabs Antonio.

  1. What is renaissance?

Ans. Revival of intellectual learning.

  1. How do the weird sisters look like?

Ans. Like old and shrunken women with very wild clothes.

  1. Who is Helen?

Ans. Wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta.

  • What reasons or conditions do Ferdinand and The Cardinal put forth against the second marriage of Duchess?

Ans. Three reasons: she is a widow; she is of a royal blood and has a duty to her rank and the second marriage expresses a lecherous nature.

  • Who is Lucifer?

Ans. Satan’s proper name.

  • Who does motley fool mean?

Ans. A fool who wears multicolored clothes.

  • Why is The Duchess of Malfi called a decadent play?

Ans. Because of decay, ruins, death, and despair.

  • Who is the peerless dame of Greece?

Ans. Helen.

  • What is the Trinity?

Ans. The union of Father, Son and Holy Spirit in one God.

  • What figure of speech do you find in “Fair is foul, and foul is fair?

Ans. Paradoxical statement or Chiasmus that indicates the reversal of values.

  • Whom does Macduff kill?

Ans. Macbeth.

  • Who is Bosola?

Ans. Antagonist of the play “The Duchess of Malfi”.

  • What are the seven deadly sins?

Ans. Pride, Covetous, Wrath, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth and Lechery.

  • Who is Macbeth?

Ans. The evil king of Scotland.

  • Who are the three witches?

Black and midnight hags who influence Macbeth in a great scale for wrongdoing.

  • Who was the Duke of Calabia?

Ans. Ferdinad.

  • What three things does Macbeth learn from the witches and apparitions?

Ans. Three things: he should fear Macduff, he should not fear any man born of a woman and nothing will affect his reign until Birnam wood moves.

  • What is Ancona?

Ans. Ancona is a city state in Italy.

  • what did Lady Macbeth say in her sleepwalking?

Ans. About the death of Duncan, Macduff’s wife and Banquo.

  • How did Cardinal and Ferdinand not want their sister to get married with Antonio?

Ans. To grasp the wealth of The Duchess.

  • Who is Christopher Marlowe?

Ans. Pre-Shakespearean Elizabethan dramatist.

  • What is tragedy?

Ans. Representation of better type of people with unhappy ending.

  • Name the two agents of Satan in Doctor Faustus.

Ans. Mephistophelis and Lucifer.

  • What is a beast fable?

Ans. A play in which animals and birds speak and behave like human beings.

  • Who is Duncan?

Ans. King of Scotland.

  • What is necromancy?

Ans. Black art or magic

  • Who wants to be Paris?

Ans. Doctor Faustus.

  • How did Volpone earn his wealth?

Ans. By cunning robbing from legacy hunters.

  • What kind of man is Bosola?

Ans. Lustful, greedy, proud and spiteful man.

  • What is apricot?

Ans. A sort of sour fruit.

  • Why does Macbeth want to kill Banquo and Fleance?

Ans. To make his power permanent.

  • What is the name of Corbaccio’s son in Volpone?

Ans. Bonario.

  • In which university did Doctor Faustus study?

Wittenberg University.

Part – B

  1. Discuss ”Dr. Faustus’ ‘as a Morality play.

Introduction: “The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus” represents a play written by the Christopher Marlowe (24 February 1564-30 May 1593). In his drama, “Doctor Faustus” is a morality play. At the beginning of the play Faustus pleasures to abjure the scriptures, the trinity and Christ. He leaves God, religion and Christ to gain superhuman power by mastering the unholy art of magic.

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The features of Morality play

The character of morality plays is allegory. Vices or virtues are personified. In Doctor Faustus, the Good and Evil Angels represent the paths of virtue, and sin and damnation respectively. The Old Man symbolizes the forces of righteousness and morality. Faustus exchanges his soul to the devil and lives a blasphemous life full of sensual pleasures just for twenty-four years. But he was at war with himself. An acute struggle between good and evil raises in his soul. His soul is torn between the two ends such as religion and the denial of God.

āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯

āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ—ā§āĻŖ āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ Doctor Faustus āĻ , āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻžā§āĻœā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§  āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛-āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤

Conclusion: The aim of morality play was didactic and “Doctor Faustus” bears a moral sermon that whoever discards the path of virtue and abjures faith in God and Christ is destined to despair and eternal damnation. Thus, “Doctor Faustus” has links with morality play.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚”Doctor Faustus”āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ “Doctor Faustus” āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

2. Write a short note on Tragedy of Ambition?

 Introduction:  The tragedy of Ambition is a form of tragedy based on the tale of a noble man’s destruction because of his fatal flaw. In other words, the tragedy of Ambition is based on the Ambition of the protagonist.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

There are some characteristics features of Tragedy of Ambition which are as following:

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

Source of ambition

An ambition tragedy should have a proper source of ambition. Evaluating ”Macbeth” we notice that the drama-packed up with the source of ambition. The protagonist of the play is ambitious by the prophecies and the lady Macbeth. so, this feature of the play is fulfilled its demand.

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ ” āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ ” āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§€ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Blind ambition

Blind ambition is another predominant feature of the ambition tragedy.  In the play ”Macbeth” we find evidence of blind ambition. Macbeth started to dream to be the next king of Scotland by baseless prophecies of the witch. So, it is proved that blind ambition is the pure feature of the tragedy of ambition.

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ ” āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ ” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĨ¤

The theme of ambition

The theme of the play is around the theme of ambition. we find that the theme of Macbeth is absolutely based on the theme of ambition.

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Vaulting ambition

Vaulting ambition is one of the remarkable features of the tragedy of ambition. Macbeth has filled up this feature.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇ

āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: From the above discussion, we must say that the tragedy of ambition brings about havoc for the ambitious activity.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄā§€ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤

3. Describe the wooing scene in “The Duchess of Malfi”.

Introduction: Love is fundamental for human existence. No man can live alone. In maturity the main interest of life is conjugal happiness. Without conjugal happiness a man is really helpless and gets destructed. As a widow the Duchess has very deep feeling for love.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ– āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡   Duchess āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Description of the wooing scene: As, the Duchess lost her husband, her both brothers forbid her to marry once again. But she does not pay heed to her brothers’ warning. When her brothers leave Malfi, she instantly tells her maid, Cariola that she wants to marry again and her decision is final. She wants to propose Antonio, that is why she makes a plan with Cariola.

When Antonio enters the room, he starts talking about business. Meanwhile the Duchess brings out the wedding ring and convince him to marry her. But Antonio is afraid to accept her proposal because he is a low-class people. He does not think himself suitable for her. Then the Duchess persuades him saying this that higher class ladies like her are always unfortunate about making love. Society does not allow them to enjoy their life in the way they want. They cannot get love because the common people are not allowed to access in their life.

Then the Duchess also assures Antonio that she is enough sincere about their marriage. She also lures him by saying that she is not as emotionless as a rock lays by road, but a creature of flesh and blood with all the bloom of youth and all the desires of the flesh. So, she wants to enjoy her life as much as one can enjoy.

Wooing scene āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž

āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻĄāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§‡āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻĢāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ CariolaāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ AntonioāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Cariola āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ Antonio āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡  Duchess āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ Antonio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ Duchess āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ DuchessāĻ“ AntonioāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: Basically, the wooing scene of the drama focuses on the basic human need. As a young lady, the Duchess needs a man to carry her life because genetically carnal desire is very acute in human beings.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤, āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° wooing sceneāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡, Duchess āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ°āĨ¤

4. Discuss the melodramatic elements of the play “The Duchess of Malfi”.

Introduction: “The Duchess of Malfi” is a fine Jacobean revenge tragedy written by English dramatist John Webster in (1612–1613). The drama is also called a melodrama. Melodrama is a startling dramatic writing with magnificent characters and thrilling issue designed to appeal to the emotions. This drama is replete with melodramatic elements.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “The Duchess of Malfi” āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° (1612-1613) āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŽāĻ•āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ•āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŽāĻ•āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

Melodramatic elements of the play “The Duchess of Malfi”: “The Duchess of Mulfi” is repleted with all the elements of a melodrama.

“The Duchess of Malfi” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ: “The Duchess of Malfi” āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

Emotional Love

A melodrama must show emotional love affair. In the play “The Duchess of Malfi”, we can see the very emotional and passionate love between the Duchess and Antonio.

āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ “The Duchess of Malfi” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž Duchess āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Antonio āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡ āĨ¤

Provocation

First of all, Provocation that provokes the villain to do evil deeds to the hero. Here, in this play, Bosola planned a crucial plan to make mischief of the Duchess and Antonio.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž

āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ Bosola Duchess āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Antonio āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Pangs

Secondly, Pangs, that means the sufferings or pains of the hero, heroine and other good characters. The misery happens because of the villain’s evil deeds. Just because of Bosola’s ill-will, each good character includes the Duchess, Antonio, Duchess’ two brothers, Julia.

āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤, āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž, āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦā§‹āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻļā§āĻ­ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° Duchess, Antonio, Duchess āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡, Julia āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤

Penalty

And finally comes Penalty, the last part of the play, where the villain gets his or her punishment for evil deeds. At the last part of “The Duchess of Malfi”, Ferdinand stabs both Cardinal and Bosola. Bosola kills Ferdinand. Finally, Cardinal and Bosola die.

āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡, āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ–āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ “The Duchess of Malfi” āĻāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡ Ferdinand, Cardinal āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Bosola āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ›ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ Bosola Ferdinand āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, Cardinal āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Bosola āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: Webster’s masterpiece “The Duchess of Malfi” is one of the best melodramas of English literature. He injects all the required elements of melodrama in this drama. Readers can swallow the actual taste of a melodrama by this play.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ  “The Duchess of Malfi” āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

5. Comment on the dramatic significant of the last scene in the play “Doctor Faustus”.

Introduction: Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593) is an outstanding expert in painting the utmost agony and misery in his scenes. His death scenes in all the plays are remarkable for its dense enthusiasm and sharpness.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ (ā§§ā§Ģā§Ŧā§Ē – ā§§ā§Ģā§¯ā§Š) āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž āĻ†āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻœā§āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤

Morality of damnation

After the curse of Christianity and the surrender of Faustus’ soul to the Devil, the extreme action of the play begins. The harshness of fate reaches its peak at the last scene of the play. The man who once dreamed of becoming the King of the world is now totally broken and is waiting for the final damnation. He begs pardon for his sins to God.

When the last hour knocks at the door, the agonized soul of Faustus meets to the eternal doom and damnation. His soliloquy proves his fear of death-

“Oh, it strikes, it strikes: Now body turn to air

Or Lucifer will bear thee quick to hell;

O soul, be changed into little waterdrops.

And falll into the ocean, ne’er be found.”

It is Faustus who once did not feel dear about the suffering of the hell, but now, the grim of death tragically revealed when we hear the last word from dying Faustus’ lips-

“Ah! Mephistophilis”

The soul is seized by the Devil right after the words uttered by Faustus. Thus, the agony of Faustus is very pitifully and scenically described by Marlowe in the last scene of “Doctor Faustus”.

Morality of damnation/āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤

āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ Faustus-āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, Faustus-āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡-

“āĻ“āĻš, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡: āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Lucifer āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡;

āĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻœāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĨ¤

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡, āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤â€œ

āĻāĻ‡ Faustus āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻšāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋ-

“āĻ†āĻš! Mephistophilis “

Faustus-āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, Faustus-āĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž Marlowe “Doctor Faustus” āĻāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: The last scene of â€œDoctorFaustus” shows us the extreme sufferings of Faustus. It also shows the devastating end of a proud and extremely ambitious soul.

6. How far Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth?

Introduction: Lady Macbeth is one of the remarkable characters in Shakespeare’s play   ” Macbeth ” at the same time one of the witch characters in the history of English literature. she is considered the fourth witch of the play ” Macbeth”.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ• ‘Macbeth” āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ ”Macbeth” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤

High ambition of Lady Macbeth

Lady Macbeth is responsible for the calamity of Macbeth that is mentioned below with logical arguments. Lady Macbeth was as ambitious as her husband. When she has got a brief account of the prophecies of the witches by hearing this, she has made her mind up as a future queen and always tempts Macbeth how he would be the next king.

āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž

āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

A policy maker

Lady Macbeth is the policymaker of the developing plot before her death and the major reason for Macbeth’ s tragic fortune. The murder of Duncan was pre-planned by Lady Macbeth. The banquet party of Macbeth’s palace is held upon lady Macbeth’s wish.

āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ•

āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ­ā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

The role of an inspirational lady

There is a proverb that” Every successful man’s success has a great contribution to his wife behind the success”. But in the case of Macbeth, we find an irony that Lady Macbeth has a great contribution to Macbeth’s tragic death.

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ ”āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ›āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡”āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž/irony āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

The killer

The murder of Duncan and the murder planning of Banquo’s family was the great disaster of Macbeth’s that happened at lady Macbeth’s will.  we notice that not only Macbeth but also Lady Macbeth falls in a tragic life.

”All the perfumes of Arabia are not sweeten this little hand”

This line is enough to understand the sufferings of lady Macbeth for her cruel and inhuman behavior.

āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€

Duncan āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Banquo āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§€āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤

” āĻ†āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ/āĻ¸ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž ”

āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤

Conclusion: To conclude, we must say that Shakespeare has shown extreme cruelty and heinous behavior based on the character of Lady Macbeth and side by side has given the message of the humanity that ”Do not be cruel on others”.

7. Write a short note on beast fable.

Introduction: The beast fable is a prose or verse fable or short story that usually has a moral. In beast fable, animal characters are represented as acting with human feelings and motives. The tales of the Greek legendary writer Aesop are the best examples of beast fables. ‘Volpone’ by Jonson is also called a beast fable.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: The beast fable/āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• Aesop-āĻ°/ āĻˆāĻļāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° ‘Volpone’ āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Art of characterization

The beast fable presents animal protagonists whose behavior and nature can be compared with that of humans, usually in term of satire or allegory. These comparisons are usually made without paying too much attention to the behavior of the actual animal.

āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ

āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§€ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Morality

Morality is the predominant purpose of the beast fable. Each fable of this kind has its own morality.

āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž

āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤/the beast fable āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Literary devices

Beast fable is filled with sundry literary devices (āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ) such as satire, allegory, wit and dramatic irony and humor.

Conclusion: In termination, animal characters are use in beast fable to attack greed, hypocrisy, treachery, flattery, lust and so on.

8. What is poetic justice? Do you notice any poetic justice in “The merchant of Venice”?

Introduction:  The term “Poetic Justice” is a literary device in which the good characters are rewarded and the bad characters are punished, by an ironic twist of fate. To put it differently, poetic justice is an ideal form of justice.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “āĻĒā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻœāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻŽā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻ• āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°/āĻĒā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻœāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĨ¤

Best paradigm of Poetic Justice

There are some most interesting poetic justices in the play “The Merchant of Venice”. The best paradigm of poetic justice in the play happens in the trial scene. Getting opportunity to avenge on Antonio, Shylock cleverly sets up a contract with Antonio that if the amount is not paid within fixed time, he will cut a pound of flesh as collateral from any part of Antonio’s body. Shylock thinks that it will be a great opportunity to take revenge on his rival. Antonio’s ships have been destroyed on the Ocean that is why Shylock has charged against Antonio to the Duke of Venice showing the bond. Though Shylock has come to court confident and reveling in his supposed victory, In the end he leaves empty-handed and without his own faith from the court.

Poetic Justice-āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤

“The Merchant of Venice” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ Antonio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ Antonio-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ Antonio- āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• Antonio- āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ• āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨/Bond āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸/Christianity āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤

Result of Poetic Justice:

In act-4, poetic justice is expressed two ways. First, after contract the bond, Shylock thought that he would able to destroy his enemy, but he stuck to her own trap and lost his property. Second, Shylock rejects to show mercy, denying the spirit of the law, but when Portia turns the table on him, he is forced to accept.

In Act- 5, The only real poetic justice is to accept the marital relation of Jessica and Lorenzo by Shylock and they will be inheritor his wealth.

āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°/Poetic Justice āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛

 Act- ā§Ē āĻ Poetic Justice āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ Shylock āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡ āĻ†āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤, āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ Portia āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤

Act- ā§¨ āĻ, āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ poetic justice āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻœā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: in termination, we can say that a wrongdoer must suffer by the end of the lite. AS for example Shylock, Macbeth, Doctor Faustus etc.

9. Write a short note on tragi -comedy.

Introduction: Tragicomedy is a dramatic work incorporating both tragic and comic elements coined by the Roman dramatist Plautus in the 2nd century BC. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is a king as writer of tragicomedy. His comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters or settling down the confusion. A tragicomedy demands several criteria which are available in the famous play “The Merchant of Venice”.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ ā§¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ° Plautus āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ• “The Merchant of Venice”-āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĨ¤

Tragi-comic theme

The dominant theme of Shakespeare’s tragicomedies is love. Besides, they have several thematic elements and almost always end with a marriage or reunion. The ending of the play “The Merchant of Venice” traces the happy closure.

āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋ-āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽ

āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ “The Merchant of Venice” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Standard plot

Shakespearean tragicomedies are based on standard plot. “The Merchant of Venice” is no exception. In this tragicomedy, the standard plot creates suspense for the audience. It develops the plot from the threat to fun with conspicuous message.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸ

āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ “The Merchant of Venice” āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻœāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Intermingled Characters

Unlike tragedy, tragicomedy intermingles people of the aristocracy with lower- class characters such as the Jewish Merchant Shylock and the clown Launcelot Gobbo.

āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš

āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻĻā§ƒāĻļ, āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• Shylock āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧ Launcelot Gobbo-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Trickery and comic language

A tragicomedy is engulfed with trickeries and comic languages. Shylock’s trick to avenge on Antonio is a token of abominable mentality. Portia’s deceased father has left casket riddles so that his daughter could get perfect husband who will love, respect and evaluate her from the core of the heart. By trickery, Shakespeare has applied his proverb that is:

“All that glitters is not gold”

āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ Trickery/āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° Antonio-āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨:

“āĻšāĻ•āĻšāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž”

Structure of tragicomedy

The structure of Shakespeare’s tragicomedies is unique since it is engulfed with humor and tragedy. They provide a harmonious blend of the two. To put it differently, humor is used to assure that human life is not always delighted or despaired but often it is both. Such structure is well matched with “The Merchant of Venice”. Thus, it is a fine example of tragicomedy.

āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹

āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§’āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻŸāĻŋ “The Merchant of Venice” āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤

Conclusion: Now therefore, it has to be said that “The Merchant of Venice” is a conspicuous paradigm of tragicomedy from top to bottom. Besides, it paves the way of enrichment for comedy in English literature admixed with tragic and comic effects.

10. Comment on the opening scene of “Volpone”.

Introduction: “Volpone” is one of the fine examples of tragicomedy that bears multifarious psychological analysis of human beings. The opening scene of the drama is not only humorous but also very critical because it creates puzzle for the audience.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “Volpone” āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ā§€ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Greediness of Volpone

The play opens the morning prayer of Volpone. He worships his gold and considers them as girlfriend, family and friend. He is an old and wealthy childless Venetian (Man of Venice). He loves to gain wealth, especially gold more and more.

Volpone-āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°/gold āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦā§€, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ (āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸)āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤

Necessity of a parasite

Volpone plots against people to take their stuffs with the help of his cunning parasite servant Mosca. Many greedy people bring valuable gifts for Volpone expecting to be his heir and grab his property. The sly Volpone pretends to be on his deathbed and deceives them.

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€/parasite āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨

āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ° Mosca-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Volpone āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• Volpone-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ§ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ Volpone āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻļāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Greediness and foolishness of others

As the greedy men want to be heir to the asset of Volpone, they bring precious gifts for the fox. Voltore, a lawyer, brings antique and precious plate for Volpone to impress him. Mosca promises Voltore that he will be the only inheritor. Voltore becomes very pleased and goes out. Corbaccio, a very old man, brings a bag of gold coins for Volpone. He expects to outlive Volpone and become the inheritor of his property. Mosca further tricks him to write his will in favor of Volpone and disinherit his own son Bonario. At first the old man hesitates but the cunning Mosca tries to convince him by saying that it is only a pretense of getting the wealth of Volpone. Corbaccio agrees and goes back satisfied. Corvino, a merchant of Venice, brings a pearl and a diamond to please Volpone. Mosca informs that his master is very near to meet his death and Corvino will be the heir to. The merchant leaves and Volpone comes to know that Corvino has a very beautiful wife, Celia. He decides to go disguised to see her.

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ

āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§€ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ°āĻž Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°/Volpone āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ Voltore, āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€, Volpone āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ Mosca Voltore-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ Voltore āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ Corbaccio, āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§, Volpone-āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Volpone-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ Mosca āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ Volpone-āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° Bonario-āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ• Mosca-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ Volpone-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ Corbaccio āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ Corvino  Volpone-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤  Mosca āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Corvino āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Volpone āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ Corvino-āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€, Celia āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: Now, it is clear that the first scene of the play creates dramatic sensation within the audience that is why they cannot leave theatre before finishing the play.

Part – C

  1. Discuss “Volpone” as a satire on the corrupted contemporary English society.

Introduction: “Volpone” (1607) is a famous comedy of humour by Ben Jonson (1572-1637). Animal characters are represented as acting with human feelings and motives in the play as satire. Greed, lusty desire, women’s love of fashion, unethical way of profession, superstitious people are the problems of contemporary English society. These are discussed below:

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “Volpone” (1607) āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ Ben Jonson (1572-1637) āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­, āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ,  āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§€āĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

Satire on greed

At Jonson’s time, greed is the leading problem in English society. Almost all the people have been attracted for extraordinary things. The writer symbolizes human avarice by the characters of Volpone, Mosca, Voltore, Corbaccio and Corvino. Volpone and Mosca are the main culprit of the crime in the play. Volpone pretends being immediate passenger of death to get wealth from others. Mosca helps him as assistance for everything. Voltore, Corbaccio and Corvino send different types of gifts to get heir of Volpone’s fortune because he has no a child. At the end of play, they have been punished.

āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ

Jonson āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡, āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž, āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ°, āĻ•ā§‹āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ“  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§€ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž  āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ°, āĻ•ā§‹āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ“  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Satire on lusty desire

Jonson satires of illegal lusty desire of English man in his society. Volpone disguises as Scoto of Mantua (a well-known oil/elixir seller) and visits to Corvino’s place to see his wife, Celia. After seeing her, Volpone becomes very pleased and wants her in his bed. Mosca helps him for his lusty desire. Mosca convinces Corvino in the following manner:

“No, no; it must be one that has no trick, sir,

Some simple thing, a creature made unto it;

Some wench you may command.”

By the help of Corvino, Volpone gets his wife in his place but she is not consent. Volpone tries to rape her, being failed plots against Bonario, son of Corbaccio.

āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŸā§ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ

āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§‹āĻŸā§‹ (āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ / āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž) āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨:

āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž; āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ• āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°,

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ°  āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ;

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§€ āĻ†āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “

āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Satire on women’s love of fashion and talkative

Ben Jonson satirizes women’s love of fashion and talkative by the character of Lady Politic Would-be. She wants to show herself educated to others. She imitates Venetian prostitutes’ fashions and many more. Thus, the writer mocks the loquacious woman in contemporary English society.

āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ

āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻœā§‹āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻš’āĻ˛-āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ  āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŸ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Satire on unethical ways of the professions

Ben Jonson satirizes the man who serves unethical ways of profession for money. Voltore is a lawyer. He tries to be the heir of Volpone by bringing gifts. He supports Volpone illegally in the court against Bonario. Volpone tries to rape Celia but by Mosca’s conspiracy Bonario goes there. He has been convicted Celia’s rapist in the court by Voltore’s unethical way of profession. Thus, he satirizes lawyers.

He also satirizes physicians for unethical ways of profession in the play. They charge high fees for visiting. He argues that they experiment on patients and even the law not only supports them but gives great reward. It will be clear from these sentences:

“And then, they do it by experiment,

For which the law not only death absolve’em.

But gives them great reward; and he is loath

To hire his death”

Thus, he satirizes physicians of getting money in unethical ways.

āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ•

āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻœā§‹āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“āĻ°  āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°  āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇā§€ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡  āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§‡:

“āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡,

āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§āĻ•

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ”

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Satire on superstitious people and tourists

The writer satirizes superstitious people and tourists by the character of Sir Politic Would-be and Mr. Peregrine. Their attempt of befooling each other by talking of different money-making projects, their talks on superstitious, foreign conspiracy etc. are satirized in the play.

āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ

āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšā§‹-āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻŋāĻƒ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸, āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: To sum up, from the light of the above discussion, we may assert that Ben Jonson purely shows the contemporary English society. He attacks greed, hypocrisy, treachery, flattery, lust and so on by dint of the beast fable technique.

  •  Discuss Volpone as a comedy of Humor.

Introduction: The comedy of humours is a genre of dramatic comedy that focuses on a character or range of characters. Each character exhibits two or more most important traits or humors that govern their personality, desires and behavior. Jonson’s comedies were different from those of his contemporaries. His comedies have earned a name, comedy of humours. “Volpone” by Ben Jonson (1572-1637) is the best paradigm of comedy of humours.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž:  āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ• āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻœā§‹āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ°  āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĨ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° “Volpone” (1572-1637) āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤

Characters based on humor

Jonson makes his characters based on one humour and they display some funny or ludicrous exaggeration. In “Volpone”, we find that the playwright limns one chief passion that is greed. This greed affects almost all the characters of the play.

āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡

āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŽāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ “Volpone”, -āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Volpone and Mosca: The play opens with the worship of gold of the protagonist, Volpone. The spirit of gold-worship surrounds or permeates the whole play. Volpone enjoys collecting or amassing money by his cunning and parasite Mosca who supports every whim or sudden intention of his master or patron. Volpone is even tempted to carnal passion by his parasite. Mosca becomes able to rouse carnal passion withing his patron through an outstanding description of Celia’s beauty.

“Bright as your gold and lovely as your gold”

Thus, the only humor of Volpone is to increase wealth and Mosco is the perfect helper only.

āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž: āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻœāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°-āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˜āĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻœāĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—ā§‡  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°”

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•  āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§‹ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

The legacy hunters: All the legacy hunters are deeply immersed or absorbed in their passionate greed. Voltore throws away his own honor and the respect of his profession. Corbaccio sacrifices the interests of his own dutiful son and gives false testimony against him in court. Corvino prepares to make prostitute of his own pious wife and falsely accuses her of being a prostitute. Also, the beautiful Madam Lady Would-be somehow is ready to be involved in gaining at least a portion of Volpone’s wealth. Even the judge, under the lure of gold, dreams of making the former parasite, Mosca, his son-in-law. So, the play presents a picture of stark materialistic passion. Such desire and personality are totally token of comedy of humours.

āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§‡ āĻĄā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§€ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛-āĻĒā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ• āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĨ¤

Complexity of characters

In a Comedy of Humors, each character shows more traits or humors which make them complex. This is also clear in case of Volpone and Mosca. Though greed is the dominant trait in them, there are other traits too in them.

āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž

āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Complexity of Volpone: Volpone is not a mere hoarder of property but a sensualist. We find him possessing a zest for life. As Corvino leaves, notice what he says.

“Prepare

Me music, dances, banquets, and all delight.

The Turk is not more sensual in his pleasures

Than is Volpone.”

What Volpone displays is the renaissance love for a high lifestyle prompted by a desire to attain transcendence. Further Volpone is an actor of consummate skill since he puts on the appearance of a sick old man before the legacy hunters. He disguises himself as a mountebank to see Celia and acts the role so convincingly. Later we find him putting on the dress of a Commandatore and teasing all the three legacy hunters. Even when he appears in the court neither the judges nor the other officials find anything suspicious in the imposter. Surely, he is a skilled actor with complex intentions.

āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤, āĻ¨āĻžāĻš, āĻ­ā§‹āĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĨ¤

āĻ­āĻ˛āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛

āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ• āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻœāĻ• āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡  āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻ‡āĻŽāĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšāĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻš āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

Complexity of Mosca: Mosca is a complex character too. This parasite is trying to outwit his patron because he reveals everything before the court in a very abrupt manner. He says.

“I am Volpone and this is my knave

And reverend fathers, since we all can hope

Nought, but a sentence, lets not now despair.”

We find his quick brain though this self-imposed confession contains a lot of puzzling and obnoxious ideas. And when the verdict is over, he says with the same spontaneity:

“This is called the mortifying of the fox.”

āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸āĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ†āĻšāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨

“I am Volpone and this is my knave

And reverend fathers, since we all can hope

Nought, but a sentence, lets not now despair.”

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ• āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻšāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻƒāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨:

āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°āĻĢāĻžāĻ‡āĻœāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤”

Bonario and Celia: Bonario and Celia are minor characters and are shadowy. However, they too play their roles in contributing to the comedy of humours. Both represent the good and the innocence that ultimately comes out successful.

āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž: āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸāĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: Ben Jonson is the natural genius for expression of his comedy of humours. And “Volpone” is a striking memento of comedy of humours because of its defined plot construction.

  • Discuss the role of Portia in the drama of Merchant of Vince?

Introduction: Portia is the character of the drama “The Merchant of Venice” which is written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He portrays the character of Portia as a religious man, a wise man, a believing wife, a generous man. Portia is portrayed as a tasteful and good-natured woman. On the other hand, she is the heroin of the drama. Now, we will discuss the role of Portia.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž  āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ• “The Merchant of Venice”  āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€, āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤

 Religious women: Portia is the marriageable girl of Marcus porcius Cato Uticencis. Before he died, he decided that one of the three boxes would contain a picture of a Portia and that he would given marry his daughter to the person who would find it for the first time. When Antonio comes to look for the picture, Portia prays to the creator that Antonio gets the picture. And this scene proves that Portia is a pious woman.

“God made him and therefore let him pass for a man.”

āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž: āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ‰āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡  āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡, āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž  āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡  āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĨ¤

āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤”

Desired woman:  we know that Portia father name is Marcus porcius Cato Uticencis. His father owned many properties.  Before he died, his daughter performed a marriage ceremony. He put pictures of his daughter in three boxes.  And the person who can determine the opportunity once the picture will be married to the daughter. Because of this, princes from different states kept coming. He has to become the object of desire because his father’s wealth is more. Then this is Portia a desirable woman.

āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž: āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻļā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ‰āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ°  āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ•ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻļā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨  āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĨ¤

Generosity: she was a beautiful, she had a wit. He proved to be wise by defending Bassanio. Antonio needs 3000 rupees to get married.  Then he took 3000 rupees from Shylock.  Although he is supposed to pay Bassanio. Shylock gives three months to deposit money. Bassanio could not pay within three months because his ship did not return. Then the shylock seeks justice according to the conditions. And Antonio may know this.  After that, he opened everything and said Portia. Then Portia pays a lot of money to save Bassanio. It proves that he is from the side of the great benefactor.

āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 3000 āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 3000 āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ“āĻ°  āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻœāĻŽāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĢā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĨ¤

“A second Daniel, a Daniel, Jew! Now Infidels I have you on the hip.”

Expert in present intelligence: Portia was a man whose present intellect was abundant. When the shylock cuts a piece of meat, the portia protects Bassanio. Then you can cut the meat called portia. It is written in the will. But the will is not written to bleed. If blood comes out, you have to pay compensation. Then Shylock loses the case, Bassanio survives. Saving this life shows that his present intellect is much better.

āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻœā§āĻž: āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž  āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤

Believable wife: Portia gives Antonio the gift of a ring on the first day. Portia says he never loses it. The man who saves Bassanio is named Balthazar. To save Bassanio’s life, he gives the ring to Balthazar. Although Balthazar is portia in disguise. When he came home and talked about the ring, Antonio told everything to Portia. Although the ring is near the Portia. Antonio unknowingly made no conspiracy with the ring Portia.

“A Daniel come to judgment!  Yea, a Daniel!

āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€: āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž  āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡  āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻāĻ¨āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡  āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ…āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°  āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

“āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨! āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛!

Incognito: Portia is the wife of Antonio. Her name is Balthazar when he has to disguise.  And Balthazar is the lawyer.  He saves Bassanio.

āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļ: āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion:   From the all above discussion we can say that portia is one of the most prepossessing character in the drama. She is a calm and virtuous woman.

  •  Discuss the trial scene of “The Marchant of Venice”.

Introduction: “The Marchant of Venice” (1623) is a romantic tragi-comedy by William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616). In the trial scene, Antonio’s life has been saved by Portia’s disguising role in the court of Venice. Shakespeare shows a superb trick by the character of Portia which provides us amazing pleasure. Shylock has been given a hard punishment for his attempt to murder to Antonio.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “The Marchant of Venice” (1623) William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) āĻ°āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋ-āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ Shakespeare Portia āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Trial scene in “The Marchant of Venice”

After scanning the trial scene of the play, we get some points which are discussed below:

“The Marchant of Venice” āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨ā§€āĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹:

Inferiority of Judaism

Trial scene helps to identify Shylock’s business. He is the culprit of the society. He is the follower of Judaism. He is a usurer and symbols of Jew. The bond episode of the play discusses his inferiority. When Basanio takes loan from Shylock with Antonio’s guaranty, Shylock gives a condition. The condition is the loan has to be paid in three months. Otherwise a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body will be taken cut off. He plans to take revenge on Antonio.

āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž

āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ  āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻĻā§€ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻĻā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĻāĻ–ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻĻā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‹āĻĄ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Evidence of true friendship

The trial scene of the play is an evidence of true friendship. Bassanio is the friend of Antonio. He is the guarantor of Bassanio’s 3000 ducats of loan. Without any hesitation, Antonio is ready to pay Bassanio’s loan. From the message of Salerio, Bassanio comes to know that Antonio has been arrested in the court of Venice. He goes there with 6000 ducats from Portia to save the life of Antonio. This scene makes the history of true friendship in the heart of the audience.

āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° 3000 ducats āĻ‹āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ° āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ 6000 ducats āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Focussing on law and justice of Venice

This scene of the play focusses on law and justice of Venice.  When Antonio fails to pay Shylock’s loan in fixed period, Shylock charges in the court against Antonio by power of the bond. Unfortunately, it is rumoured that his all investment in ship has been finished because of shipwreck. Firstly, the Duke of Venice says him to forgive Antonio. But he does not want to unmoved from the bond. Even being Christian the Duke charges against Antonio in accordance with the bond of Shylock. The trial scene proves the logical administration of Venice.

āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ§ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ†āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻœāĻŦ āĻ°āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ• āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸  āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ• āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Excess brings havoc

By the trial scene, Shakespeare tries to show that excess of anything brings havoc. In the court, Bassanio offers Shylock twice even ten times of his loan but he does not take money. He wants flesh to harm Antonio. For his excess wanting, he brings havoc for himself by his own hand. Portia makes him fool with a superb trick. Shylock says that:

“By my soul I swear,

There is no power in the tongue of man

To alter me, I stay here on my bond.”

āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤  āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤  āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡:

Female power

In trial scene, we get Portia as a male character in disguise. After sending Bassanio with money, she comes here with the name of Doctor Balthazar with her maid servant Nerissa. She takes disguise of male due to superiority of male in the court. Firstly, she says him to forgive Antonio and looks at the bond and urges thrice the amount of the loan.

When he refuges again, Portia bids Antonio to prepare Shylock’s knife. She stops Shylock few moments ago of cutting flesh and informs him that the bond allows a pound of flesh. But the bond does not allow him any drop of Antonio’s blood. She says that:

“Therefore, prepare thee to cut off the flesh.

Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more

â€Ļâ€Ļ., if the scale do turn

But in the estimation of a hair,

Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate.”

Shylock does not able to take flesh without blood because this is impossible. He is found guilty of conspiring to commit murder against a citizen of Venice. Thus, female power is proved in the trial scene.

āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ

āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻĨāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Antonio āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‹āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ›ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ Antonio āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ• āĻĢā§‹āĻŸāĻž āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡:

“āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ•ā§āĻ“ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž

â€Ļâ€ĻāĨ¤, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻāĻ• āĻšā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡,

āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤”

āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇā§€ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Superiority of Christianity

In trial scene, superiority of Christianity has been shown by converting Shylock from Judaism to Christianity. At the end of the scene, the Duke gives half of the property of Shylock to Antonio, another half takes for the state, and spares his life instead of death. But Antonio asks the court to drop the fine of half of the property for states and another half for Lorenzo and Jessica upon Shylock’s death. Shylock converts to Christianity and agrees to these terms and leaves the court.

āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ

āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻĻā§€ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ• āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡  āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻœā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ• āĻœāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, we can say that poetic justice has been shown in trial scene. Somebody says that Shylock has been punished more than he deserved in the scene.

  •  Discuss the ring-episode of “The Merchant of Venice”.

Introduction: Shakespeare’s mastery in the field of literature is untold. The ring episode of “The Merchant of Venice” is one of the vital tricks like bond trick, casket riddle and trial scene. To put it differently, it is predominating one to provide momentum to the development of the drama’s plot.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ “The Merchant of Venice”-āĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤

The ring episode

The word ‘episode’ synonymously indicates event or story. So, ring episode stands for such type of events or stories of the play which are basically related to love and marriage. But in the play, there are three dimensional significances of the ring episode.

āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ

‘āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ’ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤āĻžā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤

Love, commitment, and wealth

The ring episode first happens in act three, scene two after Bassanio’s winning over the casket problem. The love between Bassanio and Portia is the key term of the play. From the very outset of the story, Bassanio expresses his deep feeling and passion for Portia. On the other hand, Portia is tired of the casket riddle, but she also bears best wishes for Bassanio. Bassanio shows his hurry to take the chance of casket lottery as soon as he arrives at Belmont after borrowing three thousand ducats from the Venetian usurer Shylock. Portia’s partiality for Bassanio is the sign of love but she conceals it for the last moment of solving casket puzzle. She cannot but expose herself whenever Bassanio gets won over the casket secret. She declares her love and commitment and allows Bassanio as the authority of her wealth. It is in her tongue:

This house, these servants and this same myself

Are yours, my lord: I give them with this ring;

Which when you part from, lose, or give away,

Let it presage the ruin of your love

After hearing this superb speech from Portia, Bassanio instantly agrees and promises to take well care of the ring. He confidently proclaims that only death can bring the closure of his love. Thus, ring is the symbol of love, commitment, and wealth. This is also proven through Shylock’s lamentation.

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ

āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‹āĻĄāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡, Bassanio Portia-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡, Portia āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ“ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻ¸ā§āĻĻāĻ–ā§‹āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ˛āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ Portia-āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° Bassanio āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, Portia āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡/āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ Bassanio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:

āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻ°, āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ°

āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻ“, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€: āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡;

āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ–ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛āĻŦā§‡, āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡,

āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§‡

Portia-āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, Bassanio āĻ¤āĻžā§ŽāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ Shylock-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤

Friendship and gratefulness

After long tiring arguments at the court of the Duke of Venice, disguised Dr. Balthazar rescues Antonio from the mouth of death. Bassanio then offers the young lawyer some considerable amount of money. In response, the young lawyer Dr. Balthazar asserts that he does not charge money whenever he saves someone from death. But he surprises Bassanio by demanding the ring of his finger. Bassanio shows his reluctance to give the ring because of his promise and commitment. But Antonio persuades Bassanio to give the ring to the lawyer. Eventually, Bassanio confers the ring to Dr. Balthazar. Therefore, Bassanio is loser and grateful friend at the same time.

āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž

Duke of Venice”-āĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§€ Dr. Balthazar Antonio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ Bassanio āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻœāĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ Dr. Balthazar āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ‰āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ Bassanio-āĻ° āĻ†āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ Bassanio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§€āĻšāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ Antonio āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Bassanio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, Bassanio Dr. Balthazar-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, Bassanio āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¤  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻœā§āĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ“ āĨ¤

Driving force for funny and happy ending

When the audience will enjoy “The Merchant of Venice” for the first time, they may be pretty sure that the trial scene is the last scene of the play. But Shakespeare’s creative genius is somewhat beyond expectation of the spectators. The last ring episode creates the suspense for happy and funny ending. Bassanio with Antonio and Gratiano reaches to Belmont at Portia’s house. Portia is happy seeing Antonio free, but she blames her husband to spend night with illicit woman because of absence of the ring in his finger. Bassanio tries to convince Portia but she is unmoved. Antonio comes forward to save his friend and politely confesses that he is responsible for all. Then Portia gives Antonio the ring to offer it Bassanio. Bassanio inquires how it is possible. Portia answers humorously that the same lawyer came to Belmont and she spent a night with him that is why she was gifted it. Nerissa also behaves with Gratiano like Portia. After having realized the cross-dressing twist, Bassanio reacts in the following manner:

Sweet doctor, you shall be my bedfellow:

When I am absent, then lie with my wife.

āĻŽāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻ­ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ

āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ° “The Merchant of Venice” āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻœāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ­āĻž āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¸āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤  Bassanio Antonio āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Gratiano-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ Portia-āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Portia Antonio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻ™ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Bassanio Portia-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ Antonio āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ Portia AntonioāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ Bassanio-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ Bassanio āĻœāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĨ¤ Portia āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ Portia-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹ āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ“ GratianoāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ Portia-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹  āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ¸-āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŸā§āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, Bassanio āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:

āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€ āĻšāĻŦā§‡:

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‹āĨ¤

Conclusion: In termination, it is vivid and transparent that the ring episodes do not only signifies Elizabethan tradition of love, wealth and commitment of the upper class but also decorate the characters with virtue, intellect and humor. It is undoubtedly inevitable for plot structure too.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ› āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‹āĻĄ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ Elizabethan āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻœā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŸ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤

  •  Discuss Dr. Faustus as a tragic character.

Introduction: A tragic character is one who is decorated with hamartia or tragic fault and rises pity and fear withing the audience. Dr. Faustus who is the protagonist of Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy “Doctor Faustus” is an emblem of modern concept of tragic figure.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ hamartia āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻœā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ Christopher Marlowe āĻāĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ “Doctor Faustus” āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• Dr. Faustus āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĨ¤

Level of nature and birth

Level of nature means how the tragic character should be. Aristotle recommends that a tragic character must be a person of average class. He must not be so good or bad. Dr. Faustus is not so good and so bad. He stays at the middle term. Personified Good Angel and Bad Angel is symbol of his middle term heart. The matter of fact is that Dr. Faustus does not belong to high class. Rather, he belongs to middle class family. But he is a perfect paradigm of tragic character since rest of the fundamental features are well matched with him.

 āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ Aristotle āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ Dr. Faustus āĻāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻĄ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻžā§āĻœā§‡āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻžā§āĻœā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛  Dr. Faustus  āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Tragic fault

The tragic fault causes the downfall of the hero. It indicates the three facts such as ignorance of circumstances, error of judgement and voluntary commitment for error. Dr. Faustus has a tragic flaw that is his high ambition. Thus, Marlowe is influential on Shakespeare in respect of creating tragic figure since Macbeth is akin to Faustus though the background is different.

āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ

āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ Dr. Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, Marlowe āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ Shakespeare āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ   Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ Macbeth, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤

Excessive pride and disrespect for natural order

At the outset, Faustus is shown as a man of excessive pride. He has gained knowledge on sundry branches such as philosophy, theology, medicine etc. He takes pride in his expertise and laments that his knowledge has brought nothing for him. He violates the natural order of his life and determines to practice necromancy or black magic so that he can dominate the world according to his intention.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨

āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, Faustus āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨, āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§ƒāĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻ˛āĻž āĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ necromancy āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ world āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Reversal of fate

Peripeteia or reversal of fate is one of the key features of tragic hero. In the tragedy, Marlowe has represented Faustus’ life cycle from misery to happiness to complete damnation. This life cycle is the perfect paradigm of reversal of fate. As a versatile scholar, Faustus is a very prestigious man of Germany but he himself is not satisfied at all. He wants power, money and fame that is why he decides to practice black magic. With the help of his two German friends Valdes and Cornelius, he gets his expertise on black magic and summons the servant of Lucifer namely Mephistophilis.

“I charge thee wait upon me whilst I live,

To do whatever Faustus shall command,

Be it to make the moon drop from her sphere,

Or the ocean to overwhelm the world.”

Mephistophilis eventually becomes his servant for twenty-four years but the condition is provided by him to Faustus that Faustus must sell his soul to Lucifer permanently. In return, he will get supreme power. This allures Faustus utmost, but he forgets the final damnation.

āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ¤

Peripeteia āĻŦāĻž reversal of fate āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, Faustus āĻāĻ°  āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ Marlowe āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡,  Faustus āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ“ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§  Valdes and Cornelius āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Lucifer āĻāĻ°  āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ Mephistophilis āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤

“I charge thee wait upon me whilst I live,

To do whatever Faustus shall command,

Be it to make the moon drop from her sphere,

Or the ocean to overwhelm the world.”

Mephistophilis āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Faustus āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ Faustus āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž Lucifer āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ Faustus āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤

Punishment and suffering

A tragic character suffers a lot because of hamartia and hubris. Dr. Faustus is no exception. He gets his reward of evil practice by the end of the play. Before his complete ruin, he is to suffer a lot. His sufferings are proven by his fear of hell. To get rid of his anguish, he finally makes mistake and orders his servant to bring Helen.

“Sweet Helen make me immortal with a kiss!

Her lips suck forth my soul see where it flies!

āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—

Hamartia and Hubris āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻƒ āĻĢāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¸āĻ“ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ• āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ Helen āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Pity and fear

Faustus damnation is really heart touching. A scholar who has versatile wisdoms collapses completely. He can be the asset of the world, but his road of life diversifies him from the perfect level of life to heinous one. He receives a terrible death because, after his death, his body has been chopped into pieces. It is believed that audience leave theatre with tears since they thought that Faustus’ damnation is purified because he was influenced by his ill-natured friends to start his journey of life in the path of evil.

āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ

Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›ā§‹āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻšāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ Faustus āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§‹āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is vivid and transparent that Dr. Faustus is tragic character like Oedipus, Agamemnon, Hamlet, Othello and certainly Macbeth although he lacks high birth or noble blood. And Marlowe is the pioneer of modern concept of tragic character.

  •  Discuss Macbeth as a tragic hero.

Introduction: A Shakespearean tragedy is a tale of exceptional sufferings and destructions. Macbeth by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is one of the finest paradigms of classical concept of tragic figure. He is easily traceable as a tragic hero since Shakespeare has decorated him with perfect tragic flaw.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ Shakespearean āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĨ¤ William Shakespeare (1564-1616) āĻāĻ° Macbeth āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĨ¤ Shakespeare Macbeth āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤

High birth or blood

A tragic character must have high birth or blood. Macbeth is one of the high-class people of Scotland in the play “Macbeth”. He is the present thane of Galmis and has been nominated and eventually selected as the thane of Cawdor. Though we know nothing about the parentage of Macbeth, he is man of royal vein because of his professional position and activities.

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ­ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤ “Macbeth” āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ Macbeth āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ Galmis-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Cawdor āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž Macbeth āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻĻā§āĻ­ā§āĻ¤ āĨ¤

Neither so good nor bad

Aristotle recommends that a tragic character must be a person of average class. He must not be so good or bad. In the beginning, Macbeth is a good and noble general who shows his bravery in the battlefield between Norway and Scotland. His patriotism is proven. A patriot cannot be so bad. But his better human nature gets degenerated by the influence of the witches and criminal incitement of his wife. The bloody dagger scene is a hallucinated expression of his guilty mind. So, Macbeth is a well-matched dramatic persona with the concept of tragic figure.

āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ“ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ

Aristotle āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, Macbeth āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻœā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Norway āĻāĻŦāĻ‚  Scotland āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§€ āĻ‰āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ§āĻƒāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‹āĻˇā§€ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, Macbeth āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĨ¤

Hamartia

Hamartia is a Greek word which means tragic flaw causes the downfall of the hero. it does not refer to moral falling or absence of morality. Rather it indicates the three facts such as ignorance of circumstances, error of judgement and voluntary commitment for error. Here Macbeth fulfills all the facts of tragic flaw due to his soaring ambition and the ways in which he commits murders.

“I have no spur

To prick the sides of my intent, but only

Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself……”

āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž

Hamartia āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ Macbeth āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢā§āĻ˛-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤                                         

 â€œāĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻš āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡

āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛

āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ …… “

Hubris

Hubris is a Greek word that stands for excessive pride and disrespect for natural order of things. Macbeth is engulfed with hubris. He is caught by hubris as soon as Duncan declares that his elder son Malcolm will be the next king of Scotland. Now Macbeth ponders over the possibility of his being king. He violates the natural order and decides to kill king Duncan. A character having no hubris is an angel or the best one and as a tragic character Macbeth is no exception.

āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸

Hubris āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Macbeth hubris āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĨ¤ Duncan āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ Malcolm āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡, Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻœā§‡āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ˛ā§‹ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ Macbeth āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž Duncan āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Hubris āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĻĻā§‚āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ Macbeth āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤

Peripeteia

The Greek word peripeteia implies reversal of fate that is one of the prime features of tragic character. It is the journey of a tragic character from happiness to misery or from misery to happiness to distress. Until the criminal activities were done, Macbeth was one of the happiest and prestigious men of Scotland. His fate is completely reversed when he kills Banquo. A brave general like Macbeth also turns into a coward. In Act 2, scene 2, after murdering Duncan, he is completely overwhelmed by the growing physical and mental fear that is why he cannot return to the place of murder.

“I’ll go no mor:

I am afraid to think what I have done:

Look on’t again I dare not.”

Creating such reversal of fate is only possible by Shakespeare. So, Macbeth is an ideal tragic character though Shakespeare’s technique is quite different.

āĻ†āĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ peripeteia āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ– āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, Macbeth āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ BanquoāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§€ āĻœā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻŸ 2-āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ 2-āĻ, DuncanāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ° āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤

 â€œāĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻž:

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ:

āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤â€

āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, Macbeth āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĨ¤

Nemesis

Nemesis prescribes the punishment and suffering for a tragic character. The tragic character must suffer utmost because of his hamartia and hubris. There is no bound of punishment and suffering for Macbeth. His hallucinations can be cited as the example of his sufferings. His happy and sensational conjugal life is destructed because of Lady Macbeth’s incurable sleep walking and madness. Thus, Macbeth’s life becomes a heap of destruction.

āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸

Nemesis āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡ āĨ¤ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĨ¤ Lady Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻžāĻšāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ—āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤

Catharsis

Catharsis refers to pity and fear roused within the audience. There is no audience throughout the world who cannot but shed tears seeing the damnation of Macbeth. Though Macbeth’s ruin is a poetic justice, it brings about the purgation of pity and fear because he was patriot and has not completely committed crime out of his intention.

āĻ°ā§‡āĻšāĻ¨

Catharsis āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻž/āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ…āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ Macbeth-āĻāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ“ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĨ¤

Conclusion: In termination, it can be undoubtedly asserted that Macbeth is a classical tragic character like Shakespeare’s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, or even like Sophocles’ Oedipus although Shakespeare has turned him into a villain.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ Macbeth Shakespeare-āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ King Lear, Hamlet, Othello-āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ Sophocles-āĻāĻ° Oedipus-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ Shakespeare

  • To what Extant do the Witches influence Macbeth’s decision and action? Discuss.

Or, explain briefly the part played by the Weird Sisters in the action of the play Macbeth.

Introduction: It is universally accepted that Shakespeare (1564-1616) is the master for creating new terms to represent the contemporary social and mental background of human beings. In the famous tragedy “Macbeth”, he has shown that witches live in mind because the physical influence of the witches is the allegory of mental state of Macbeth who is a highly ambitious commander. However, the witches influence Macbeth’s decision hugely.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻŸāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨   āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° (1564-1616) āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ “Macbeth” -āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ•, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡, āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

A link between Macbeth and The Witches:

It is significant that the witches’ comment towards the end of the opening scene- “Fair is foul and foul is fair” is echoed in Macbeth’s opening remark in the play: “so foul and fair a day I have not seen.” The strange coincidence evidently establishes a connection – a kind of affinity- between Macbeth and the Witches, even before they meet. It also brings out the possibility that Macbeth, who has so far been referred to as a brave general in the heights of glory, has a somewhat trained soul and is, therefore, vulnerable to the witch’s machinations.

āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ•:

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ā§€ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ā§€ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ “Fair is foul and foul is fair” is echoed in Macbeth’s opening remark in the play: “so foul and fair a day I have not seen.”     āĻ…āĻĻā§āĻ­ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ – āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§ŒāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Seed of ambition

At the start of the play, Shakespeare defines Macbeth as a hero. Macbeth is portrayed as a good and loyal man. He is loyal to his King, to his wife and to his friends. This is shown in Act I Scene II when he is established as “brave Macbeth” and a “valiant cousin, worthy gentleman”. However, there is a secret ambition to become king under this loyalty. This weakness is evident in his reaction to the witches’ prophecies. When the Witches meet Macbeth and Banquo, they greet Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and the Thane of Cawdor and predict that he will be the king of Scotland.

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§€āĻœ

āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ—āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§€ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻŦā§€āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•” āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻšāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ°  āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ“āĻĄā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

First Witch:

All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!

Second Witch:

All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!

Third Witch:

All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!

The Witches predict about Banquo that he will be the manufacturer of a line of kings of Scotland. When Ross and Angus inform Macbeth that King Duncan has declared him the thane of Cawdor, Macbeth hopefully begins to look forward to the fulfillment of the final prediction. Thus, prophesy of the Witches has made a deep impression on Macbeth’s mind.

āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ•ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŸāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ“āĻĄā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Blind influence for Power:

The Witches are not fully responsible for Duncan’s murder. It is Lady Macbeth who gives the fuel to the fire of Macbeth’s ambition to kill Duncan. Macbeth sends a letter to his wife Lady Macbeth about the prophecies. After reading the letter, Lady Macbeth thinks that she must plan to murder Duncan to be queen because Macbeth is a man of good nature.

When Duncan arrives at Inverness that is the name of Macbeth’s castle. Macbeth controlled his ambition for the time being and did not want to kill Duncan. In his soliloquy (Act I Scene VII), Macbeth ponders the arguments against killing Duncan. But his wife, Lady Macbeth forces him. She convinces him by asserting that the murder would go undiscovered. She advises her husband in the following manner:

Only look up clear;

To alter favour ever is to fear:

Leave all the rest to me.

Macbeth cannot but agree to murder by such vehement argument. Thus, Macbeth kills Duncan being influenced by the high ambition of his wife Lady Macbeth.

āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ:

āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ¨ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡, āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĨ¤

āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€ (Act I Scene VII), -āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€, āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨  āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨:

Only look up clear;

To alter favour ever is to fear:

Leave all the rest to me.

āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Tendency for permanent Power:

The addiction for permanent power has degenerated Macbeth from a human to a butcher like evil. He is now unable to stop. He wishes to ensure his everlasting power that is why he is ready to further heinous steps. He is now in tension for the prophecy that the throne will eventually pass to the descendants of Banquo. Macbeth hatches a conspiracy against that man and eventually Banquo is killed by the professional murderers of Macbeth. It is Macbeth’s second crime. He commits another crime warned by the first apparition. The first apparition warned Macbeth to beware of Macduff and Macbeth has already been feeling apprehensive of Macduff’s attitude towards him. As a result, he decides to massacre Macduff’s family.

āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž:

āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ  āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§‚āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡  āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻœāĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻœāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ•ā§‹āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļāĻ§āĻ°āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻĄā§āĻĢ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĻĨ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻĄāĻžāĻĢā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻĄāĻžāĻĢā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is transparent that the witches influence Macbeth in a great scale but they are not performer but just foreteller. So, witches are the allegory of secret desire of Macbeth’s mind.

  • Discuss the Faustus as an embodiment the Renaissane hero.

Introduction: Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) is one of the most famous playwrights not only Elezabethan age (1558-1603) but also whole age in the English literature. He has written famous drama which is named “Doctor Faustus”. Although, this drama is written in age of Elizabethan age but it is highlighted the characteristic of Renaissance age that is why it is called Renaissance hero. Why is “Doctor Faustus” called Renaissance hero, which we will do proved it.

Characteristics of Renaissance age: Firstly, we have to know about of characteristics of Renaissance age. The features of Renaissance age are:

i.        High imagination

ii.       Subjectivity

iii.      Super natural element

iv.      Love for nature and beauty

v.       Thirst for knowledage

vi.      Adventurious life

vii.     Excessive materialistic out looking

viii.    Pelf and power

All those characteristics are fulfilled in the drama “Doctor Faustus

Adventurous life: The definition of adventurous life “Someone who is adventurous is willing to take risks and to try new methods. Something that is adventurous involves new things or ideas.” Here, Faustus is symbol of adventurous life. Because, Faustus is a common man in London. He wanted to come new lifestyle. He had wanted to do the discover by his power another thing which is not discovered it now. Its characteristics has been proved that Faustus has contained to done adventitious life.

“But Faustus, thou must bequeath it solemnly.

And write a deed of gift with thine own blood,

For that security craves great Lucifer.”

Thirst for knowledage:  The drama, “Doctor Faustus” is the full name of “The tragical History of Death of Doctor Faustus”.  Doctor Faustus is the main character of the drama. He is a German scholar. His was much knowledge about anything subject. But he wants to learn everything and knowing of all above the world. His has two friends who are named valdes and Cornelius. They talk with Faustus to learn about black magics. His friends give a book for learning to black magics. And he decides that he will learn the black magics. At first, Mephistophilis has come to near the Faustus and he said that i will be your servant but only for 24 years. Mephistophilis has said that i am agree with your opinion but i have a one condition which has to give your soul after 24 years. Faustus agree with his opinion because of thirst for knowledge which it has to proved that Faustus as a thirst for knowledge.

“Tis magic, magic that hath ravished me.”

Pelf and power: Pelf and power are another characteristic of Renaissance people. Faustus was a scholar. He would have been done to spend his life as a scholar but he wants to power. He wanted to become a powerful man in Landon. For the power, he had to learn black magics which is the feature of Renaissence people.

High imagination: Faustus is a common man in London. He has done the dream that he is powerful man in England. He has done the reign and he has much power in the London.  It was imagination of faustus.its characteristics has been proved that Faustus has contained to done adventitious life.

Super natural element: Its element is the fulfill in the drama. The scenc of selling horses are the example of supernatural elements. In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy, Helen, Helena, also known as Helen of Sparta, was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She died a long-time age. But Faustus want to sex with Helen. It is an impossible. Thereafter, Mephistophilis bring Helen who is beautiful woman.

“Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss.–

Her lips suck forth my soul: see, where it flies!–

Come, Helen, come, give me my soul again.

Here will I dwell, for heaven is in these lips,”

Conclusion: From all above discussion, we can understand that characteristic of renaissance age has been highlighted by the character of Doctor Faustus that is why we can called Doctor Faustus as a Renaissance Hero.

  1.  Discuss Bosola as a Machiavellian character or villain.

Introduction: In the famous play “The Duchess of Malfi” by John Webster (1580-1632), the character of Daniel de Bosola is so much complicated and complex among all of the characters. In other words, he works as a Machiavellian villain in this drama. He spread his evil spell among other characters to begin quarrel among them.

Villainous tool:

In the play, Bosola acts as a tool-kit of Ferdinand and Cardinal. The two brothers hired him as a spy in the guise of the care-taker of the horses. But actual reason behind hiring Bosola is to keep eyes on the Duchessis to prevent her from second marriage. Because, the Royal family is not allow to have second marriage. As Ferdinand says to the Duchess-

“You live in a rank pasture, here, the court;

There is a kind of honeydew that’s deadly;

It will poison your fame; look to it: be not cunning”

Meanwhile, he become succeed to find out that the Duchess had a secret marriage with Antonio and give birth three children. He also reveals the secret of the Duchess by betraying her.

Malcontent-meditator:

Bosola is called displeasing-meditator for some suspicious deeds he did for Cardinal. The malcontent may be a certain character sort that develops in Jacobean exact retribution catastrophe. A malcontent can be recognized by the number of characteristics he has. He may be unhappy individual, offended, humorous and melancholic. Like one of the key characters of this play, Bosola can effectively said to have these features. The introduction of Bosola in the first scene of the play certainly does concur with the description of the malcontent. Antonio addresses him as a “black malcontent” whose “foul melancholy will poison all his goodness.”

A realist: Bosola considers himself as a realist, self-aware with agenuineevaluation of his nature and condition, but actually he demonstrates to be more of a frustratedvisionary. Even though he plays the faithful servant in murdering for the brothers, neither of them shows any gratitude towards him.

An avenger: Bosola is a perfect avenger of this play. He kills the Duchess by choking her throat as her brothers ordered him. He says about the sufferings of the Duchess as-

“She’s sad as one long us’d to it, and she seems

Rather to welcome the end of misery

Than shun it; a behavior so noble

As gives a majesty to adversity.”

But instantly, after the refusal of his reward, he vows to take revenge on the brothers. Though he enters to Cardinal’s to kill him, but accidently he kills Antonio. But Bosola does not stop. When Bosola finds Cardinal, he tells him that he has come to kill him. Meanwhile, he stabs him. He cries out for help. Hearing his cry, Ferdinand enters the room. He gives mortal wounds both of them and in return Bosola stabs him-

“Whether we fall by ambition, blood or lust,

Like diamonds, we are cut with our own dust.”

Slightly better than bad: In spite of having a number of bad side, Bosola has some goodness in him. When he observe the terrible death of the Duchess, his goodness awake in him. He killed the two brothers to take revenge because the death of the duthchess gives him extreme blow. He wanted to save Antonio’s life, but he accidently killed him. The following lines expresses his goodness in him-

“O, this gloomy world!

In what a shadow, or deep pit of darkness,

Doth womanish and fearful mankind live?”

Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that the character of Bosola is a Machiavellian villain, at a time a slight Goodman too. But, if he had not been refused to gold, he would not be changed. In this way he is a Machiavellian character with a distinction.

Shihabur Rahaman
Shihabur Rahaman
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