7 Colleges of DU
Hons Second Year
17th and 18th Century Prose
Exam â 2020
Part â C
Introduction: Renaissance means rebirth or revival. To put it differently, it refers to revival of classical learning and intellectuality. It is universal that all walk of people including writers, philosophers, journalists etc. are influenced by the periodical impacts in which they live. Bacon is no exception of this universal trend. The influence of renaissance is completely traceable in the essays of Bacon.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ, āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Materialistic outlooking
It is fact that Bacon is a writer of pragmatical spirit or practical wisdom. He believes in Machiavellian philosophy that means the results of actions or ways of achieving material progress. Hence Bacon never teaches ideal morality. He advises his readers how to become rich and influential. As a result, he has given a concrete shape of metaphysical ideas such as love, truth, lie, friendship etc. Thus, as a man of renaissance whatever the topics Bacon chooses for his essays carry materialistic concept.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž, āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
The spirit of nationalism
The spirit of nationalism is one the significant features of renaissance. It is to be noted though Bacon teaches practical ideality and morality, he never preaches anything against his country. His essay âOf Great Placeâ mainly focuses on good governance.
âThe vices of authority are chiefly four delays, corruption, roughness and facility.â
Bacon is out and out a man of renaissance from the perspective of national spirit because a patriot can only advocate for good governance.
āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž
āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ âOf Great Placeâ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
“āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĢāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž , āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžâ
āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Exploration, adventure and political quest
The renaissance was an age of adventure and exploration. In his essays, Bacon has often mentioned that a country should make efforts to become powerful and great. In the essay âOf Plantationâ, he has supported imperialism which is proved by the outset of the essay.
âPlantations are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical works.â
Further in the long essay âOf the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estatesâ, Bacon gives a clear analysis of how to be a powerful state. A single sentence of the essay is like a monster to prove this.
âLet states that aim at greatness, take heed how their nobility and gentlemen do multiply too fast.â
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨, āĻĻā§: āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨
āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ âOf Plantationâ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
“āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§â
“āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĄāĻŽ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°” āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ , āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤
” āĻŽāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§, āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤“
Classical learning
The revival of classical learning which means the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature and history is a hallmark of the renaissance. Baconâs essays abound in quotations or allusions from the Greek and Roman literature. He has quoted from the Latin writers such as Seneca and Virgil. He begins his essay âOf Truthâ by the reference of Roman Governor Pilate.
âWhat is Truth? said jesting Pilate and would not stay for answer.â
There is hardly an essay that is free from these quotations or allusions. So, Bacon is nobody but a man of the renaissance.
āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ lāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§âOf TruthâāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° âOf TruthâāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
âāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋ? āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤āĻā§ āĻ āĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ â
Love for nature
Elizabethan age of renaissance is regarded as the first romantic period of English literature. As a writer of Elizabethan and Jacobean period, Bacon is not devoid of sensuousness. In the essay âOf Studiesâ, he compares the ability of human beings with natural plants.
âFor natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by studies;â
This indicates that Bacon is a lover of nature. Besides, the essay âOf Gardensâ is one which shows that Bacon is keen lover of sensuous beauty. Therefore, the world cannot but accept Bacon as man of renaissance.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž
āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤In the essay âOf Studiesâ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
“āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°;”
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ,the essay âOf GardensâāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Curiosity
The sense of curiosity is a typical spirit of the renaissance. It exhibits the tendency and love of increasing knowledge by knowing more about the unknown and seeing the unseen. Bacon had an unquenchable thirst for knowledge like all the people of renaissance.
āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻšāĻ˛
āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
Wealth of metaphor and analogy
Another important characteristic of the renaissance is the use of striking figures of speech. Bacon is a master of using figures of speech in essays like Shakespeare and Christopher Marlow. The metaphors and similes taken from different spheres of knowledge or experience reflect the exuberance of the age.
āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻ§āĻ¨
āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ Shakespeare āĻāĻŦāĻ Christopher Marlow āĻŽāĻ¤ BaconāĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Conclusion: In breakup, it transparent that Bacon is no doubt a man renaissance since his essays are packed up with typical features of the period of revival or rebirth.
2. Discuss Bacon as an essayist with reference to his essays.
Introduction: The word essay is derived from the French word âessayerâ, which means âto attempt,â or âto try. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who is the father of modern English essay has written fifty-eight essays. As an essayist, he has always attempted to maintain all the fundamental steps of this genre of literature. But at the same time, he has added some new techniques to flourish this mighty branch of literature.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ âāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻâ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ âāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž,â āĻŦāĻž âāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžâāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ (1561-1626) āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Maintaining length
Maintaining length for composing an essay is inevitable. Bacon has a mastery in respect of maintenance of length. To show full command over a subject or topic, the length of an essay should be between 2500 and 3000 words, but Bacon is quite different since most of his essays do not exceed 1000 words. This brevity or shortness does mean that Bacon had not complete command over his topics. Rather it proves the proverb âBrevity is the soul of wit.â
āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ ā§¨ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ “āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖâ “
Thesis based discussion
As we know that an essay is a short composition on a topic based on thesis. At the very outset of his essays, Bacon has declared that his discussion is based on thesis and observation. The beginning of the essay âOf Great Placeâ gives us the idea of thesis-based discussion.
âThe vices of authority are chiefly four delays, corruption, roughness and facility.â
Nobody could disagree with this statement and cannot dare to show discontent till the resurrection.
āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¸â āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸-āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
“āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĢāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžâ “
āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Purposes
The purposes of an essayist are to persuade the audience to accept the thesis on the subject and simply to entertain. The arguments of Bacon are so reinforcing that the readers cannot help but accepting these.
âNuptial love makethmankind; friendly love perfecteth it;
but wanton love corrupteth and embaseth it.â
Here Bacon persuades the audience to keep themselves aloof from wanton love that produces crimes. On the other hand, Bacon as father of empiricism or pragmatism or humanism does not forget the purpose of entertainment for his readers. His essays are replete with entertainments like novel, drama, movie or film.
âWives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses.â
This precise statement of the essay âOf Marriage and Single Lifeâ entertains the audience very highly though there is somewhat rough surface meaning but the deeper meaning of this is supported by religious guideline and practical life.
āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
âāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§;
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ, āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
“āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ā§, āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ “
âOf Marriage and Single Lifeâ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Use of devices
An essayist has the liberal right to use devices such as anecdote, striking illustrations or humorous logics and arguments. These devices help the author to create a tone of intimacy with the audience. Baconâs fifty-eight essays abound in devices.
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĨ¤
Aphorism
Aphorism means a precise and simple statement having deep meaning and significance. Bacon as a father of modern English prose has paved the way of aphoristic style. This is Baconâs own creation. It is the soul of Baconâs prose style. The following sentence of the essay âOf Studiesâ is a perfect example of his aphorism:
âReading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.â
āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻž
āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŽ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĨ¤âOf Studiesâ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ:
âāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§;āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ ; āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ “
Use of Latin and Greek phrases
Bacon was man of vast knowledge and experience. He has given guidelines to the later essayists like Addison, Steele, Alexander Pope etc. that there is no hindrance of using the words, phrases or proverbs of other languages in prose writing. There is no single essay of Bacon in which the readers do not face the complexity of Latin or Greek phrases. Such use of phrases is akin to Geoffrey Chaucerâs French and Latin stages of poetic development that is why Bacon is called the father of modern English prose.
āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ, āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Faults
There is nothing in the world that is over criticism. As an essayist, Bacon is not beyond limitation and criticism. He has some faults too.
āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
ā§§. āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž
ā§¨.āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
ā§Š. āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Conclusion: In termination, it can be rightfully asserted that Bacon is a successful essayist and plays a vital role for the development of English prose and language though he is not out of limitations.
3. Why do you think that Baconâs essays never fail to attract the readers?
Or, discuss the reasons of Baconâs popularity.
Or, discuss Bacon as a good adviser.
Or, discuss Bacon as a practical moralist.
Introduction: Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is the most attractive and influential essayist āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ of English literature. His essays are the fruits of his observation of life. As a writer, his fame mostly depends on the fact that he is the father of modern English prose. Intellectual and moral development āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ has been possible through his essays. Bacon presents eternal hunger of human beings āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻž for knowledge. Here we discover the reasons for which Bacon is ever successful.
Simplicity and precision āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
The most striking reason āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ of Baconâs success is his simplicity and precision. He has set a new standard of simplicity and precision in English literature through his essays. There is no ambiguity or complexity āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž in his expressions. A huge idea has been expressed āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ very precisely āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ in his essays that is why it is considered that another essay or at least a paragraph can be developed from each sentence of his essays. A quotation from the essay âOf Marriage and Single Lifeâ can be cited to prove his simplicity and precision:
âUnmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants;
but not always best subjectsâ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻž
The above quotation is so simple and precise, but the idea is illustrative āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ. So, it is convincing for Baconâs permanent popularity.
Suggestive nature āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
There is no single essay of Bacon which does not bear any suggestion āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž. According to the critics, Bacon is a writer of inspiration and commitment āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ because of his suggestive nature. His essays such âOf Studies, Of Marriage and Single Life, Of Love, Of Revenge, Of Truth, Of Plantation or Of Great Placeâ carry topic-based suggestion and guideline āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ for the world.
âA man who studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green.â
“āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤”
This precise and simple sentence of the essay âOf Revengeâ argues that a man who studies revenge can never come out of his bad thinking. There is no other essayist in the world who has been able to create such wide range of topic-based suggestion.
Compendiums of worldly wisdom āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻ¨
Bacon is a realist. He has looked upon human beings āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ as more to evil than to good āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§. Whether he talks of marriage or love, study or travel, suitors or friendship or political affairs, he is always governed āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ by utilitarian attitude āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž. He provides shrewd and intelligent advice āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨. On these various topics, Baconâs counsels are supported by wide observation āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž of men and manners. The essay âOf Truthâ remarks that love for lie is inherent in human beings āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤. This essay asserts that truth is not only important in the fields of philosophy and religion but also in day to day life. Thus, one can gain sagacity āĻāĻ āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ by studying Baconâs essays.
Morality and ethical standards
The utilitarian attitude colors Bacon’s morality too āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§. His essays mostly offer counsels āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ of a practical nature ignoring high moral ideals āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§. He hardly ever recommends an ideal morality āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻ¨. Yet Bacon could not be said to be a depraved man āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ/ āĻā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž. A man of such a keen intellect āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ could not but be aware āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻž of elevated thoughts and ethical standards āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§.
âRevenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more manâs nature runs to,
the more ought law to weed it out.â
âāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ§ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤.
Ever common topics
There is shrewd sense of observation and keen insight into human nature and behavior in the essays of Bacon which are really common topic based. In the essay âOf Truthâ, Bacon says that men love to tell lie. He goes on to give explanation through his observation. The explanations which have been given by Bacon in his essays are completely convincing.
Political affairs
Bacon is highly popular about the political affairs too. His essays âOf Great placeâ and âOf plantationâ superbly discuss the political affairs.
âPlanting of countries is like planting of woods.â
Thus, Bacon hints financial benefits of colonization which signifies acute political affair.
Master of figures of speech
Bacon is a genius popular essayist for his mastery over figures of speech. His quotations, misquotations, paradoxical statement and use of Latin and Greek phrases contribute much to preserve Baconâs popularity among the readers.
Conclusion: Now we are to say that Bacon is a man of versatile knowledge and his essays abound in wisdom. The essays show Baconâs immense observation and experience of human life and affairs. So, his talent has made him ever successful essayist generation after generation.
4. Discuss Edmund Burkeâs prose style.
Introduction: Edmund Burke (1729 â 1797) was an Irish statesman and philosopher, historian and political writer. He served as a member of parliament between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain with the Whig Party after moving to London in 1750. His prose style is characterized by proportion, dignity and harmony.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻĄāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ (1729 – 1797) āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 1750 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ āĻĢ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸-āĻ 1794 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤, āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Characteristics of Edmund Burkeâs prose style
After scanning his prose, we get sundry āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¯āĻŧ features which are given below:
Oratory style
Burkâs prose style is oratory style. Oratory style means words are written as drafts of an oratory. If we read his writing, we shall get these words as powerful oratory. His writing is life-like at that time, now and in future. That means his writing is like encounter between writer and reader though he has died in 1797. This will be clear from given line:
âMy second assertion is, that the Company has never made a treaty,
which they have not broken.ââ
āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§
āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 1797 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§:
“āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛, āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋâ
Writer of romantic prose
He is an identified writer of romantic prose. In his writing, we get sundry features that refers to romantic prose. Major romantic features are given below:
āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
High imagination: High imagination is a leading feature of romantic subject. In the writing of ââSpeech on the East India Billââ, we get its touch. He speaks about Indian people and the geography of India but he never came to India.
āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ ââSpeech on the East India BillââāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Subjectivity: Subjectivity is another leading feature of romantic subject. In the writing of ââSpeech on the East India Billââ, we get its touch as well. He speaks for Indian people in parliament from first person point of view. This will be clear from given line:
âThe strong admission I have made of the Company’s rights (I am conscious of it) binds me to do a great deal.â
Subjectivity: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ ââSpeech on the East India Billââ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸āĻĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§:
âāĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ (āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨) āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ “
Common people: Discussion for common people is also a romantic feature. In ââSpeech on the East India Billââ, we come to know that he speaks for Indian common people. So, from this point of view, he is a romantic prose writer.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ ââāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžââ āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤
Choice of language: Edmund Burke uses colloquial language for his writing, ââSpeech on the East India Billââ. His choice of language is like William Wordsworth and Scott as well. From language using point of view, he is a romantic prose writer.
āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ: āĻāĻĄāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨, ââāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžââāĨ¤ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤
Use of figures of speech
Burke is called the poet of prose. In his writing ââSpeech on the East India Billââ, he uses some figures of speech like poetry. After scanning his writing, we get use of sarcasm, oxymoron, simile, irony and so on figure of speech.
āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž ââSpeech on the East India Billââ āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ, āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ .
Use of rhetorical question
Rhetorical question means asking question instead of getting answer for a speech. This is also a feature of Burkeâs prose style. While speaking of Hastingsâ treatment of Cheit Sing, he puts a number of rhetorical questions. As for example:
âDid he cite this culprit before his tribunal? Did he make a charge? Did he produce witness?
āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ:
âāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨? āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨? āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨?â
Use of classical or historical allusion
Use of classical or historical allusion is also a feature of Burkeâs prose style. In his writing ââSpeech on the East India Billââ, he uses classical or historical allusion. He studies a lot of books as a result we get the standard quality writing with reference of historical personality or incident.
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ allusion-āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Classical āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ allusion-āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž ââāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ââ āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ Classical āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ allusion-āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Lack of humour as demerit
After scanning Burkeâs writing, we get his defect that he has lack of humour. In his prose writing, there is no entertainment element like other prose writer.
āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, we can say that Burke is a great prose writer and orator as well. He is the greatest master in English of the rhetoric of political wisdom. He opens the new door of new comer prose writer.
5. How does Burke criticize Hastings and his lieutenants in his âSpeech on the East India Billâ?
Or, describe Burkeâs critique of Hastingsâ in his âSpeech on the East India Billâ.
Or, write a critical note on the British East India Company.
Introduction: Edmund Burke (1729 â 1797) was an Irish statesman and philosopher, historian and political writer. He served as a member of parliament between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain. Warren Hastings (1732 â 1818) was the earliest and the most renowned British governor-general of India. He dominated Indian matters from 1772 to 1785. He was denounced for his turning back to England. Burke criticizes Hastings and his lieutenants bitterly.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻĄāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ (1729 – 1797) āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 1766 āĻāĻŦāĻ 1794 āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ āĻĢ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ (1732 – 1818) āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ°-āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 1722 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ 1785 āĻ āĻŦāĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĢāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Cause of criticism
Hastings is the main personality of all mischief and abuse in India. He dominates the country in a wrong way. Later he becomes the symbol oppression, corruption, barbarity, despotism, abuse and injustice.
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ: āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻāĨ¤
Taxation policy or revenue collection policy
Hastingsâ revenue collection policy is strange. He auctions the right to collect revenue to the highest bidder for a period of five years. This system is known as ”Ijaradari” system. It increases the misery of peasants as the bidding was done by rich merchants who were merely interested in collecting maximum revenue without taking into consideration the productivity of land. From his taxation policy, we get sundry miserable features such as:
Despotism: By this taxation policy, Hastings and his lieutenants make sure despotism in India. This type of system is not supported by the people. But there are no rights for the people to talk against ruler.
Callousness: By this taxation policy, the people of India become helpless. Hastings and his lieutenants start to oppress upon Indian people day by day. Callousness upon Indian people increases in many ways more and more.
Blood sucking tendency: By this policy, it is clear that Hastings has blood sucking tendency of helpless people.
āĻāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĻāĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ ” āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ ” āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨:
āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ: āĻāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĢāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĢāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž: āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Creating huge gap between the ruled and ruler
Hastings creates huge gap between ruled and ruler. British Government has royal system for ruling but Hastings and his lieutenants break the system. He creates a ruling system in India that destroys the British Government prestige. The Company has sold every prince, state or potentate. As for example: Shah Alam becomes victim of Hastingâs maladministration. He is the de facto Emperor of India. He makes sure absence of good governance in India, âhalf the globeâ. It will be clear from the line:
âThrough all that vast extent of country, there is not a man who eats a mouthful of rice but by permission of the East India Company.â
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž: āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĢāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ: āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻāĻ˛āĻŽ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ, “āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦâ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§:
“āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĨ¤”
Creating social clash
Hastings and his lieutenants are the main culprit in India. They make social clash in India. He nominates Muslim Land Lord and Hindu King in different parts of India. In the area of Muslim Land Lord, he oppresses upon Hindu and other minority people for high tax. And same thing starts in Hindu King area. Hindu King oppress Muslim and other minority people for high tax. From this social clash, India has been shaped horrible place for years after years.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻā§: āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĢāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
No accountability to British Government
East India Company creates a private government in India. Hastings and his helpers do not hesitate to create horrible things in India. The main cause of the private government in India is âno accountability to British Governmentâ. Burke thinks that if Hastings is accountable to the British Government, his control would be in the hands of the British Government. Burke criticizes Hastings for his âno accountabilityâ. He reminds Parliament about authority of ruling India, not the Company. He says that:
âOur own authority is indeed as much a trust originally, as the Companyâs authority is trust derivatively.â
āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ: āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻš’āĻ˛ “āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž” āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° “āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ” āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸āĻĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, we can say that Burkeâs portrayal of Warren Hastings alerts us of the nature of evil through an ethical presentation. In âSpeech on the East India Billâ Hasting has been presented as a carnivorous animal.
6. Comment on Steeleâs art of characterization.
Introduction: Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729) was an Irish playwright, an essayist, also a politician. He is remembered as co-founder of the famous magazine The Spectator with his bosom friend Joseph Addison (1672-1719). Steele was a master of creating overwhelming characters in his writing. The Spectator is so much appreciated essay of social and cultural history in which he has created some extraordinary character those represent the then time society vividly.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ (1672-1729) āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ (1672-1719) āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ The Spectator āĻ¸āĻš-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ The Spectator āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Steeleâs art of characterization:
Steeleâs mesmerizing creation of characters can be showed by analyzing those of The Spectator. The analyzation is given below:
āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
Sir Roger de Coverley: Sir Roger de Coverley is a quite gentleman of fifty-six from Worcestershire. He was a baronet. As he is a gentleman, he behaves so natural with others. He bears good sense and good nature, thatâs why he is admired to all. He is a great lover of mankind. All of his servants and neighbours are satisfied with him because of his kindness. Thus, he is the representative of the country squires of England, the small landed upper class of the countryside.
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛āĻŋ: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĨ¤
The Templar: The Templar of the essay is a representative of the legal profession, art and learning. Though his father wants to see him a barrister, he has no interest in the study of law. Despite the lack of interest, he goes to the Inner Temple to study the laws of the land to fulfil his fatherâs desire. When he goes to his next-doors as his father send him to solve their problems about land-laws, he himself is unable to answer the questions. So, he often hires an attorney in exchange of money to solve those problems.
āĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ-āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Sir Andrew Freeport: Sir Andrew Freeport is supposed to be one of the famous merchants of London. He is so hungry of trade and commerce, has great experience and a person of tireless industry. His hard work and noble and generous mind have made him rich. For promoting trade, no tax should be imposed on exposed and export according to him. This matter is hidden in his name, as he wants tax-free trade port, and his surname is Freeport. This is one of Steeleâs mechanism of creating character. As he is a representative of the fast-growing English commercial group, he admires the laissez faire policy.
Sir Andrew Freeport : Sir Andrew Freeport āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻž-āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻ°āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ§āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Captain Sentry: He is a military man having great courage. He is the representative of the army. He is a very modest man. As he is a brave soldier, he took part in various wars. In spite of this, he has failed to achieve promotion. The necessary merits to get promoted are presented in him, but because of his modesty, he could not show his merits to his officers. Being depressed, he resigns from his job at last.
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ: āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Will Honeycomb: This man is the representative of the class of gallants. He is from the town. He is kind of lady-killer who knows how to impress the ladies. Will Honeycomb is described as a familiar face among the gallantries. By narrating the stories of love-affairs, he wins the smile on of the ladies.
āĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻŦ: āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¸ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋ-āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤
Conclusion: From the above discussion, we can learn that Steele was a man of genius who showed his Intelligence by creating a bunch of amazing characters. The Spectatorâs Club seems like a minute version of the society of the time. All the kind of upper-class people shown in the essay by Steele, the preceptor of character building.
7. Evaluate Addison as a social satirist?
Introduction. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) was a poet, playwright, politician and satirist. Satire is a literary device in which the author shows the existing vices and faults of a particular society. He has written many essays though his essays are satirist. He has done satirist about social system, political system, and religion by essays. It will be discussing that Addison has done social satirist.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ (1672-1719) āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Satire on individual freedom: In This essay âThe spectatorâs account of Himselfâ, he has upheld satire on individual freedom. He has written in this essay that His mother wanted to that he would be judge. Although her mother had seen the dream. Here had close the personal freedom. It is for reason that he has used the term satire on individual freed freedom.
âThere runs a story in the family, that some time before my birth, my mother dreamt that her child was to be a judgeâ.
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ: āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ “āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§”, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
“āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§”āĨ¤
Satire on choice of profession: Addison has discussed satire on choice of profession in this essay âA spectators Account of Himselfâ. He has said that profession of choice one of the most important for every person. In this essay, Addison has shown that our profession is not correct. We are not perfect in our work place that is why he has done satire on choice of profession. He meant that one should take a job according to oneâs qualification which was not available in London at that time.
āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ: āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ “āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ” āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤”āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§, āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Satire on politics: Addison has done satire on politics. In this essay âThe Spectator account of Himselfâ, He has said that two political party in this essay Whigs and Tories. Addison went to visit many places such as coffee houses, the cocoa tree, Grecian, etc. He visited these places because he wanted to hear about Whigs and Tories but he did not speak any comment in this place. He wanted free from any political parties.
âMy face is likewise much known at the Grecian, The Cocoa- Tree, and in the theatres both of Drury Lane and Hay- Market.â
āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ: āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ° āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ āĻĢ āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¸” āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻĢāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸, āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšā§āĻāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
“āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨, āĻā§āĻā§-āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšā§āĻ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻšā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤â
Satire on attitude of women: Addison has shown that women are busy for chores. They would not go outside of home that is why they would not well job, at that moment, women life is compare with darkness. Women would not get freedom life. At that time women were kept under house arrest; they could not take part in any social and political activists.
āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ: āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻšāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Satire on religion: âSir Roger at churchâ is written by Addison. In this essay, he has done satire on religion. Addison has shown that, people would go to church only Sunday but other days of week would not go there. It is best hypocrisy because we have to pray every day.
âSunday clears away the rust of the whole week, not only as it refreshes in their minds the nation of religionâ.
Again, he showed that the priest showed a different kind of financial greed among the people in order to come to the path of religion. For example, Sir Roger used to ask some questions to the young man. Anyone who could answer would be given 500 pounds and pork. Addison has satirist this religion because religion will be pure where will not greedy.
āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ: “āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻž” āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âāĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻžâ
āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ 500 āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Other points on social satire:
i. Hypocrisy of church
ii. Behaviour of Sir Roger
iii. Satire on mourn mourning
iv. Satire on the imbalance distribution of wealth
Conclusion: In all the above discussion, we can say that Addison has done criticize about politics, social, and religious system at that moment in London. Religious belief was corrupted by the churchman. At that moment, women were been dumb, house arrest which is not perfect for the social system. Addison has shown this system and doing satire.
8. Discuss Addisonâs prose style.
Introduction: Addisonâs contribution to the development of English prose cannot be overestimated. He has perfected English prose as an instrument for the expression of social thought. That is why he has shown much concern for his style and eventually his position in the history of English prose is assured and high.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž: āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
Addisonâs prose style
As we know that Addison was not the first prose composer of his contemporary time and in the history of English literature. But his style has been designated because of English style based on sundry facets which are as follows:
āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§
āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĒ:
The middle style
Critics after critics have talked about Addisonâs prose style but Dr. Johnson was the first who referred to Addisonâs prose style as the âmiddle styleâ. What he says regarding the style, is apt and clear. In his style, Addison is the picture of moderation that is virtue which he has recommended to all his readers and has written in favor of. He voids all coarse and ostentatious expressions. He is always elegant, clear and fluent. This is the brief illustration of the âmiddle styleâ from Johnsonâs point of view.
āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻā§ âāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛â āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§: āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž âāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ°â āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤
Clarity and lucidity of expression
The striking features of Addisonâs prose style is clarity and lucidity. What he wants to say, he says clearly. There is no ambiguity which means that his expressions are free from obscurity, complexity and superfluity. Even his long sentences do not present any difficult to understand him. It is evident in the following sentence taken from the essay, âThe Spectatorâs Account of Himselfâ:
âUpon the death of my father, I was resolved to travel into foreign countries, and therefore left the university with the character of an odd, unaccountable fellow, that had a great deal of learning, if I would but show it.â
There is no difficulty for picking up the meaning of the above long sentence. However, Addison is equally capable of expressing himself in the short and compact sentences. So, whatever the structure of his sentences, his expression possesses clarity and lucidity.
āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ âThe Spectatorâs Account of Himself â āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
“āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤, āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽ â”
āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§, āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻšā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Absence of unnecessary ornamentation
Absence of unnecessary ornamentation is one of the winsome features of Addisonâs style. He uses figures of speech such similes, metaphors, antithesis etc. but they are not employed to adorn the language. Rather they are to make his statement clearer and more effective. He mostly uses similes and metaphors for crating humor and has been very successful.
âThe togue is like a race horse, which runs the faster the lesser weight it carriesâ.
āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ
āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻž, āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
âāĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻŦāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Allusions and anecdotes
Allusions and anecdotes are prolific in Addisonâs essays. He uses allusions from the variety of sources â historical, Biblical, literary and mythological allusions. He uses them to illustrate, convince, to add force to his argument and to enhance ironic and satirical effects. On the other hand, his anecdotes are very successful to multiply the effect of humor. He takes his anecdotes from older literature or popular stories. One of the stories is that an old man who had two wives. One his wives liked black and other disliked grey hair. As a result, they pulled out all the hair of the old man who became bald. This story is used in a most humorous manner to illustrate spectatorâs position when the other club members demand exclusion of their particular classes from Spectatorâs satire in the essay, âThe Scope of Satireâ. The anecdotes of âThe Coverley Papersâ are mostly fictitious for the purpose of mild satire with solutions.
āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ – āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§, āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§, āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ§ā§āĻ¸āĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻž ”The Scope of Satireâ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ âThe Coverley Papersâ ” āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Humor and irony
As the most graceful satirist, Addisonâs aim was to reform society out of its follies and foibles. He declared his method to be the combination of wit with morality. That is why humor and irony form a basic and striking foundation to most of his essays. But it is transparent that we do not always get humor in his essays since some of his essays are starkly didactic. The essay âSir Roger at Church âthat is a representative essay is packed with humor and irony.
āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
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Conclusion: Though Addisonâs âmiddle styleâ has the disadvantages of lack of energy and force, he has shown a perfect English prose style to the great extent. He freed it from the neoclassical tradition of extravagances and brought lucidity, clarity and precision.
9. Discuss âThe Coverley Papersâ as a precursor of English novel.
Or, discuss âSpectatorâ as the forerunner of the English novel.
Or, evaluate Addison and Steele as the pioneers of the English novel.
Introduction: A novel is a kind of fictional work about people and events. The word novel is an adaptation of the Italian word novella (from the plural of Latin Novellus, a late variant of Novus, meaning ânewâ). Although Addison and Steele’s The Coverley Papers are essentially non-fiction prose works, they are considered to be the precursor of English novel. Because while reading a paper from it, we often feel as if we were reading a page of a novel. It is also said that their essays foreboded the arrival of the novel particularly.
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Characterization
It has been accepted that the most important aspect of a novel lies in its characterization. Great novels always have great characters. Even the very modern views on the novel cannot do away with the character even though the importance of the plot has been diminished. In this sense, we see that Addison has done a great deal. The members of the spectator club have been very well delineated. Spectator himself is shy and reserved but observant in a silent manner. A number of essays show flashes of the taciturnity and silence of Spectator and his sense of judgment. So, we see that Addisonâs art of characterization is indeed a great step towards the novel.
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Plot
A novel is formed of several incidents. An incident is what happens to a character or what is brought about by a character. Novelists generally concentrate on some important incidents to develop their plot. In most of the essays of Addison and Steele, we see different scenes, contexts, and places. For example; the essays which deal with Sir Rogerâs love affair with the perverse widow offer good material for plot development though they are not starkly developed.
Plot
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Setting
The setting may be the main consideration of the novel because the makeup and behavior of the fictional characters depend on their environment as much as their authors approve of them with personal dynamics. The setting of the essays of “The Coverley Papers” provides a variety of ranges from the countryside to coffee houses. So, in the point of fact, it is nothing else but a precursor of the English novel.
Setting
āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻāĻāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸” āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĢāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Narrative method and point of view
Where there is a story, there is a storyteller. Point of view refers to a person who is telling or narrating a story. A story can be told from the first person, second person, or third-person point of view. Writers use the third-person point of view to express the personal emotions of either themselves or their characters. The third-person point of view of a story is how the writer wants to convey the experience to the reader. Though we do not get a particular point of view of the essays of Addison and Steele, they are the forerunners of the English novel since they are the first to inaugurate a narrative in non-fictional writing.
Narrative method and point of view
āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ¤, āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ -āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
Whether a novel has a plot or not, there is usually a unity of theme or point of view in a novel. A novel is often the interpretation of life. The essays in the Spectator are more in the nature of a representation of the society of the day rather than an interpretation of it. We get to know from these papers about life in those days, that too in a superficial manner. We do not get any particular point of view of the authors except that they intended to reform the society.
Conclusion: It is neat and clean that “The Coverley Papers” is not a novel but has the germ of the novel and we have no doubt that if Addison had written a novel on an extensive plan, it would have been superior to any that we possess. So, it is of course undeniable that “The Coverley Papers” is the forerunner of the novel.
10. Discuss Samuel Johnson as a biographer and critic with reference to âLife of Cowleyâ.
Introduction: Samuel Johnson (1709 -1784) is an English writer who has made lasting contributions to English literature as a literary critic and biographer. He had once told a Scottish biographer James Boswell, âThe biographical part of literature is what I love most.â Here Samuel Johnson is presented as a biographer and critic with reference to his essay âLife of Cowley.â
Samuel Johnson as a biographer
Biography is a story of a personâs life written by someone else. It has long been one of the most popular forms of prose writing (āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ). Writing a good biography is one of the most challenging tasks. It follows some basic rules.
Maintenance of objectivity and balance
Dr. Samuel Johnson has always attempted (āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨) to be objective and balanced while writing biography. His tactful narrative skill (āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž) satisfies readerâs curiosity and creates a thirst for reading to gain further understanding. (āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ âLife of Cowleyâ follows a three-part plan such as Johnsonâs accounts, Cowleyâs suggestive and evocative biography and summary of the main features of his writings. Thus, Johnson maintains objectivity and balance as a landmark biographer.
Representation of facts
A good biographer presents the facts about a personâs life (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯). This information includes how the writer influenced his literary period that is why Johnson mentions that Cowley was influenced by John Donne and influenced his period with metaphysical concept though the biographer does not hesitate to find faults. As Abraham Cowley is a real character of English literature, Johnsonâs presentation of facts about the life and writings of Cowley out and out bears (āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§) the sign of a best biographer.
Interpretative nature (āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ)
Most biographies are interpretative, and Dr. Johnsonâs life of Cowley is no exception (āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ). Johnson not only presents facts but also explains what those facts mean āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ. On his essay on Cowley, Johnson has defended Cowleyâs neutrality as a captive āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž. But in defending Cowley, Johnson never loses his objectivity and balance although there was scarcity of research material āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛.
Narrative force
The narrative force along with psychological reality āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ provides a lively flavor āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§. Johnsonâs âLife of Cowleyâ has the magical narrative force of a good novel. Critics have categorized Johnson as a classical biographer. At the very outset of the essay, Johnson defines genius āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ and describes the process how Cowley became âirrecoverably a poetâ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ. Such aphoristic expressions provide a classical status to this piece of biography.
Reference of other writers
Johnsonâs essay âLife of Cowleyâ is a part of the great volume âThe lives of the Poetsâ which comprises of forty-two lives. âThe Lives of the Poetsâ exhibits Johnsonâs critical power and prejudices āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤. In his essay, Johnson mentions about Milton, Dryden and Pope who are the most substantial āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ poets of English literature. He closely considers the poems of Donne too. So, as a biographer, Johnson is not only perfect but also influential āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ.
Johnson as a critic
Literary criticism is the discussion of literature including description, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of literary works. To put it differently, Literary criticism means the art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works. In the essay “Life of Cowley”, Johnson talks about the metaphysical poets followed by an examination of Cowley’s major works.
Cowley as metaphysical poet
Johnson first tries to categorize āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ Cowley as a metaphysical poet because Cowley in his poems has used simile, metaphor, conceit and other style which are like the metaphysical poets.
âWit like other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man,
has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms.â
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ , āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇā§,
āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Finding faults
Finding faults for evaluation and judgement is an important aspect of literary criticism. Johnson as a critic has not given discount āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋ to William Shakespeare let alone Cowley. He defines metaphysical poetry with fault.
âThe most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence togetherâ.
“āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ“āĨ¤
Besides, Johnson asserts that the metaphysical poets have failed to attain the sublimity of art āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§. According to Johnson, the metaphysical poets never tried to understand the greatness of thought. The conceit used by them is packed up with drawbacks āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž. In the modern age, Johnson is vehemently opposed āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ by T. S. Eliot.
Positive sides
Literary criticism does not discover only the negative sides of the literary works. Positive sides are equally asserted. Johnson praises Cowley as a love poet and compares him with Petrarch, an Italian poet and sonneteer. A love poet Cowley is able to play the role of psychologist.
Conclusion: now we can conclude that Johnson as a biographer and critic has enhanced the potential of English literature. As a critic, Johnson is such a genius that nobody cannot reject his opinions completely. Even T. S. Eliot has shown respect for Johnsonâs evaluation on the metaphysical poets.
11. What are the epic qualities found in âThe Daviditesâ?
Introduction: An epic or a heroic poem is a long narrative poem based on a serious subject matter. âThe Davideisâ is an unfinished epic by Cowley (1618-1667) on the subject based on the story from the Bible. Though Cowley himself has confessed to have failed to complete this poem, it fulfils the criteria of an epic.
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The length
According to Aristotle, the length of epic does not follow any limitation. Cowley designs his epic as a literary epic following the module of Virgilâs âAeneidâ which comprises of twelve books and 9896 lines. Although Cowley has been able to finish four books out of twelve, his initial endeavor meets the demand of an epic.
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Hero of super qualities
The hero of a heroic poem must be a figure of great national or even cosmic importance. The hero of the poem âDavideisâ is a figure of great national or even cosmic importance because the story narrates the adventures of king David who is mentioned as the third king of united monarchy of Israel and Judah in Hebrew Bible.
âI sing the Man who Judahs Scepter bore
In that right hand which held the Crook before;
Who from best Poet, best of Kings did grow;
The two chief gifts Heav’n could on Man bestow.â
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āĻ¯ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛;
āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĢ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨;
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Ample setting
The setting of the poem is ample in scale and may be worldwide or even larger. The setting of Cowleyâs âDavideisâ is really enormous. He gives the indication of heaven and narration of hell. The range of the story is undoubtedly long because the link of the story from the first king of Israel namely Saul to the third king David. Thus, âDavideisâ is an epic.
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Infernal spirits or supernatural elements
One of the fundamental elements of an epic is infernal spirits or supernatural elements. The âDavideisâ is full of infernal spirits or supernatural elements like Miltonâs âParadise Lostâ and Homerâs âIliadâ. Cowley narrates about the archangels like Gabriel and fallen angels like Lucifer and of course he talks about the hell. It is in Cowleyâs tongue:
âHere Lucifer the mighty Captive reigns;
Proud, ‘midst his Woes, and Tyrant in his Chains.â
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âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨;
āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤, ‘āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§â
Starting from the middle
A heroic poem begins from the middle of the story. Cowley also starts his story from the middle. And he describes the hell and Lucifer who is the prince of hell when the first king of Israel Saul was troubled by an evil spirit.
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Lacking
Battle: In a heroic poem, the action involves in superhuman deeds in battle. But in the âDavideisâ, there is no such narration.
Grand style: As Cowley has been castigated for feeble diction or informal language, he cannot be able to apply grand style to narrate his story.
Prayer to the muse: The narrator of epic begins by stating his argument with the invocation to a muse, but Cowley is quite different.
Epic simile: There is no use of epic simile in the âDavideisâ. Rather the narration is packed up with conceits for which Johnson criticizes Cowley and classifies him as the last but best metaphysical one.
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨
āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ “āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸” āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§: “āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸” āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Conclusion: Now we are to say that Cowleyâs âDavideisâ meets the fundamental criteria of a heroic poem though there is lacking in it. Besides, Johnson designates the poem as an unfinished epic. So, as an epic writer Cowley is like Virgil, Statius and Spenser.
12. Discuss the strengths and limitations of Cowley as a poet.
Introduction. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) is the most powerful critic of the English literature. In his appraisal of Cowley, Johnson distributes both praise and blame.
āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž : āĻĄ:āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (1709-1784) āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤
Strengths of Cowley as a poet
Johnson vehemently criticizes Abraham Cowley(1618-667) in his essay âLife of Cowleyâ but he did not overlook the strengths of Cowley to evaluate him properly.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° âLife of Cowleyâ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ (ā§§18ā§§-6–667āĨ¤) āĻāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
N.B. Describe any four of the strengths and write rests as other only.
Mixture of different excellence
Johnson praises that Cowley does have a strength of mixture of different excellence. âMiscellaniesâ is a collection of various or miscellaneous pieces of writing by Cowley in one volume. These short compositions have been written in variety of style and sentiment such as from funny or ludicrous amusing remarks to serious grandness. According to Johnson, no other poet has so far showed such a mixture of different excellence.
āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ
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Deep knowledge and intellectual excellence
According to Johnson, Cowley is the last puissant or influential metaphysical poet. Dr. Johnson undoubtedly accepts that the metaphysical poets are highly learned and intellectual. All the writings of Cowley are the specimen of his deep knowledge and intellectual excellence, but his elegies are special for his intellectual excellence.
āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĨ¤
Striking thoughts
As a poet, the most influential strength of Cowley is his striking thoughts. His dedicated poems to lord Falkland carry his striking thoughts. The series of thoughts of these verses are easy and natural.
āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĢāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Joyful imagination and fancy
From the declaration of Johnson, we can learn that Cowley was an acclaimed poet of 17th century. Besides, Milton asserts that the three greatest poets of English literature are Shakespeare, Spenser and Cowley. So, a great poet must have some strengths and Cowleyâs strength mostly depends on his joyful imagination and fancy. The âChronicleâ which is a collection of poetical compositions of Cowley contains joyful of imagination mixed with fancy and skill of expressions. Here Cowley exceeds the most influential Cavalier poet Sir John Suckling and the father of English criticism John Dryden.
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ ā§§ā§ āĻļāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ l āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ “āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ˛” āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ¨ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻĄā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Ever green love poet
The next class of Cowleyâs poems is called âThe Mistressâ which is a collection of love poems written between 1636 and 1646 and published in 1647. The poems of this collection have lively wit and abundant knowledge. According Dr. Sprat, these poems truly bear the joyful flow of knowledge.
āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋ
āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ âThe Mistressâ āĻ¯āĻž ā§§ā§Ŧā§Šā§Ŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ā§§ā§Ŧā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ ā§§ā§Ŧā§Ēā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Powerful translator
Cowley was not a mighty poet of 17th century but he is a powerful translator in the galaxy of English literature too. His translation of Pindaric odes is the testimony of his translating power.
āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ
āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ ā§§ā§ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĨā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĄāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Master of meter
Cowley as a poet is very strong for using meters though he has been underestimated for this. He uses blank verse in his poems and comedies. He is unique as a master of meter because he has written two long metrical essays such as:
- âThe Tree of Knowledgeâ and
- âReasonâ
āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨:
ā§§āĨ¤ “āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇ” āĻāĻŦāĻ
ā§¨āĨ¤ “āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ”
Limitations of Cowley
Johnson has composed the âLife of Cowleyâ to evaluate the metaphysical poets very negatively. As Cowley has been given the designation of the last best metaphysical poet, he has been censured for his limitations which are as follows:
āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž
āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ âLife of Cowleyâ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ§āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĒ:
Allusion, paradox, hyperbole and conceits: Jonson refers Addison for rebuking conceits. Addison in his essay âOf Wit: True, False or Mixedâ has discussed in detail that âThe Mistressâ is filled with conceits which cannot create permanent entertainment and confuses images. It is in Johnsonâs evaluation:
âThe most heterogenous ideas are yoked by violence together;
nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, comparisons, and allusions.â
Thus, Johnson evaluates the metaphysical poets who are responsible for dissociation of sensibility. Further Johnson says that nothing can be more disgusting than a narrative is decorated with conceits and the unfinished epic of Cowley âDavideisâ abounds in conceits.
āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻ¨, āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¸ , āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨: āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ âOf Wit: True, False or Mixedâ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ âThe Mistressâ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ :
âāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§;
āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ “
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ âDavideisâ āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Feeble diction: Johnson condemns Cowley for not having knowledge or care of diction since he has expressed the morality through feeble diction.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨: āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Loss of grandeur of generality: Metaphysical poets including Cowley lose the grandeur of generality because of their last ramification.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Careless or lawless versification: The great pleasure of verse arises from the known poetic meter of the lines and uniform structure of the stanzas. Cowley does not take care of versification of law. He has extended his syllables from two to twelve. He mostly uses mixed Alexandrine feet or stanza.
āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨āĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Others: The other faults of Cowley as a poet are as follows:
- Lack of description
- Lack of simplicity and flexible mind
- Irrelevant fragmentations
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯
ā§§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
ā§¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
ā§ŠāĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨
Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, we can assert that Johnson is impartial in his literary merit and Cowley is really great one despite having some drawbacks in his writings.