Seven Colleges of DU Especial suggestion and Notes of American Poetry Exam-2019

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Seven Colleges of DU

Subject: American Poetry  

Suggestion

Exam – 2019

Part – B

  1. How is ‘O Captain my Captain’ an elegy?
  2. how does Walt Whitman express his grief over the death of the captain?
  3. Write a short note on Dickinson’s treatment of the theme immortality.
  4. How can the poem “Wild Nights – Wild Nights” be regarded as a poem of mystic experience?
  5. How long will the poet continue drinking the alcohol or nectar from nature?
  6. Critically analyze the poem “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain”.
  7. Write a short note on the rural setting of Robert Frost.
  8. What message do you get from the death of the Hired Man?
  9. What message does Frost convey through the poem “Mending Wall”?
  10. Was Robert Frost wise in choosing the road less travelled by?
  11. Discuss the liberal attitude of Langston Hughes.
  12. Discuss the symbolic elements of Langston Hughes poetry.
  13. How was the singer singing on Lenox Avenue at night?
  14. What did Langston Hughes learn from his visit in the rivers?

Part – C

  1. Discuss Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature. (V.V.I)
    Or, Discuss Dickinson’s attitude to nature.
  2. Comment on Dickinson’s Mysticism. (V.V.I)
  3. Death as the Recurring Symbol of Dickinson’s Poetry- Discuss.
  4. Discuss the major themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry
  5. Discuss when Lilacs Last at the Dooryard Bloomed as an elegy. (V.V.I)
  6. Discuss Walt Whitman as a modern poet. (V.V.I)
  7. Discuss Whitman as a poet of democracy. (V.V.I)
  8. Evaluate Frost as a poet of man or common man. (V.V.I)
  9. Discuss the theme of alienation in Robert Frost’s poetry. (V.V.I)
  10. Discuss major themes of Langston Hughes poetry (V.V.I)
  11. Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost (V.V.I)
  12. Discuss the anti-racial elements in Langston Hughes’s poetry.

N: B: If you want to better in the exam, you will have to read the brief questions three times.

Part – A

  1. How does the poet express the steadiness of her heart in the matter of her love?
    Ans: By comparing her heart to an anchored ship.
  2. What is the funeral service like, as the poet feels?
    Ans: Like the performance of stamp.
  3. What does Emily Dickinson mean when she says, ‘I taste a liquor’?
    Ans: She symbolically expresses her spiritual ecstasy, perhaps, her mystic union with God through her absorption in the beauties of Nature.
  4. What does the poet ask her gray-brown bird to do?
    Ans: To sing on.
  5. What does the poet ask the captain to do?
    Ans: To rise-up and hear the bells that the people are ringing out of exultation.
  6. How does the poet like to go toward heaven?
    Ans: By climbing the black branches of the birch trees.
  7. What did Warren remark about Silas’ worth as a servant?
    Ans: He remarked that Silas was no good, and there was nobody to hire him at his old age for the little he could do.
  8. Who was Harold Wilson?
    Ans: A schoolboy who worked with Silas at Warren’s farm for four years.
  9. What does the poet mean when he says, “I have seen you taken and tossed”?
    Ans: He means that he has seen the tree being blown over by wind.
  10. What is the full name of Abe Lincoln?
    Ans: Abraham Lincoln.
  11. What do you understand by “The Blues”?
    Ans: “The Blues” means the feeling of despair.
  12. What do you understand by the expression, “He made the poor piano moan with melody”?
    Ans: It means that the poet was playing on the piano and a melancholy song was being produced.
  13. What does the poet mean by “luxury”?
    Ans: By the word, she means unbounded sexual pleasures.
  14. What was Dickinson’s idea about Liquor?
    Ans: By Liquor, she symbolically signified the beauty of nature.
  15. What is the poet intoxicated about?
    Ans: About air, and debauchee of dew.
  16. How does the poet describe the bird?
    Ans: The poet describes the bird as a hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding all the settlements.
  17. Who does Whitman call Captain?
    Ans: Abraham Lincoln.
  18. Who was Warren?
    Ans: Warren was Mary’s husband; Silas worked in his farm.
  19. What did Mary tell her husband about Silas?
    Ans: Mary told her husband to be kind to Silas.
  20. Where did Mary send Warren?
    Ans: To Silas to see how bad Silas’ condition was.
  21. What does the tree in “Tree at my Window” stand for?
    Ans: The tree stands for nature.
  22. How does Mary define home?
    Ans: Home is “something” which one “somehow” has not “to deserve”.
  23. Where is Harlem?
    Ans: It is a neighborhood in New York City inhabited mostly by African-Americans.
  24. What and where is New Orleans?
    Ans: It is one of the states in America.
  25. Why did Silas leave his job with Warren?
    Ans: Because Warren refused to enhance his salary.
  26. What does Dickinson mean when she says, “I taste a liquor”?
    Ans: She doesn’t mean any alcoholic drink rather she signifies the beauty of nature by it.
  27. What happens when a dream is deferred?
    Ans: It loses freshness and vitality.
  28. What does Whitman offer to the coffin?
    Ans: He offers to the coffin the spring of Lilac that he broke from the lilac-bush.
  29. What is an Elegy?
    Ans: Elegy is a lyric poem which laments over the deaths.
  30. What are the rivers in the poem The Negro Speaks of the Rivers?
    Ans: The Euphrates, the Congo, the Nile, the Mississippi.
  31. Whom did Dickinson feel moving ‘to and fro’ in I felt a Funeral in my Brain?
    Ans: The mourners.
  32. Why does the poet call grass as ‘hoary grass’?
    Ans: To convey the uselessness of grass comparing to apples.
  33. What does ‘wall’ symbolize in the poem Mending Wall?
    Ans: Separation and alienation.
  34. What does ‘fearful trip’ refer to in the poem O Captain My Captain?
    Ans: It refers to Lincoln’s adventurous steps to the abolition of slavery in America.
  35. What is the dream of the speaker in the poem I Too Sing America?
    Ans: He dreams that someday he will sit at the table of brotherhood with the whitemen.
  36. Where is the funeral taking place?
    Ans: In poet’s brain.
  37. Who is Walt Whitman?
    Ans: Great American poet of the 19th century, the author of the elegy O Captain My Captain.
  38. Who was Silas?
    Ans: Silas was the ‘hired man’ of Warren and Mary. He worked on their farm.
  39. What does “Wild Nights” symbolize?
    Ans: It is the symbol of unbounded sexual pleasures.
  40. Who was Abraham Lincoln?
    Ans: 16th president of America.
  41. Why did the poet take the other road?
    Ans: Because it had better claim; it was grassy and untrodden.
  42. How does Whitman welcome death?
    Ans: By chanting a song for death and inviting death to come upon all.
  43. What does the poet ask his body and soul to do?
    Ans: The see his own land, Manhattan.
  44. What does the Lilac-bush look like?
    Ans: It is tall-growing plant with heart-shaped leaves of green colored.
  45. Why does Whitman address Abraham Lincoln as a captain?
    Ans: Because the poet conceives of America as a ship and Lincoln as its captain.
  46. What inspired Hughes to write The Negro Speaks of the Rivers?
    Ans: The beautiful sight of the Mississippi river.
  47. What forced the branches of Birches bend?
    Ans: Ice.
  48. What does Frost mean by the two roads?
    Ans: Two choices in life.
  49. What is rowing in the sea like?
    Ans: It is like rowing in Eden.
  50. Who does the poet repeat the word treading?
    Ans: To convey the idea that the mourners treading is greatly grating on her(poet’s) nerves.
  51. How is the captain lying on the deck of the ship?
    Ans: The captain is lying on the deck dead and cold, there is a huge bleeding from his body. It indicates that he was shot dead by an assassin.
  52. How will Whitman perfume the grave of the dead person he loved?
    Ans: With the sea-winds blown from East to West, and the breath of the poet’s chants.
  53. How did Warren define home?
    Ans: “Home is the place where, when you have to go there, they have to take you in.”
  54. Why did Mary tell Warren not to talk loudly?
    Ans: Because Silas’ sleep might be disturbed.
  55. What change in outlook of the white people does the speaker expect to happen in the future?
    Ans: The speaker expects that the white people will change their attitude of looking upon the black people; they should consider them as fellow Americans.
  56. Who is Langston Hughes?
    Ans: Great black American poet of the 20th century.
  57. Who is Robert Frost?
    Ans: An American poet.
  58. What is mysticism?
    Ans: Sacred communion with God.
  59. What does the ‘blues’ stand for in the poem Weary Blues?
    Ans: Real life blues song of the black people.
  60. Who are good neighbors?
    Ans: In Mending Wall, “Good fences make good neighbors”
  61. How does Langston Hughes react to the melancholy song of the Negro?
    Ans: Reacts emotionally and utters “O Blues!”.
  62. What shall Walt Whitman mourn for with ever retuning spring?
    Ans: The poet shall mourn for the trinity- lilacs blooming perennially, drooping star, and the thought of Lincoln.
  63. What is the right place for love?
    Ans: The Earth.
  64. Why was Mary waiting for her husband?
    Ans: To give him the news that Silas is back.
  65. Who lies ‘fallen cold and dead’?
    Ans: Abraham Lincoln.
  66. What happened to the captain?
    Ans: He was assassinated.
  67. Where was the Negro playing on a Piano?
    Ans: At Lenox Avenue in New York City.
  68. How did the Negro singer sleep?
    Ans: Like a rock or a dead man.
  69. Where were ‘the Blues’ coming from?
    Ans: From the soul of a black man.
  70. Why was the poet sorry?
    Ans: Because he could not travel two roads at the same time.

Part – B

  1. Discuss “O Captain! My Captain!” as an elegy.

Introduction: The word ‘elegy’ comes from the Greek word ‘elegos’ meaning ‘song’. Elegy is a poem or song that expresses sadness, especially for someone who has died. “O Captain! My Captain!” is a short poem in the form of an elegy.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: ‘āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ’ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ ‘āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‹āĻ¸â€™ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ ‘āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ “O Captain! My Captain!” āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ—āĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

The Function of Elegy: The most powerful tool in elegiac poetry is to rely on the memory of those who no longer live. Most of the poets who have written elegiac poems are obviously amazed at the weakness of man and how the world at one stage completely forgets about the dead. So, from a functional point of view, “O Captain! My Captain! is a perfect paradigm of an elegiac poem because it commemorates the death of Abraham Lincoln.

āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻ°āĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡, “āĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•! āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•! āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ  āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Creating a gloomy atmosphere: The elegiac poets create a dusky atmosphere at the outset of the poem so that mourn can be expressed deeply. In grieving for the death of the beloved leader, the poet at first looks at the shore where the audience is delighted and then he looks at the deck of the ship where the dead body of his beloved leader is lying down.

“Where on the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead.”

āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•ā§‚āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

“āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Lyrical quality: Though the poem has been written in an unusual rhyme pattern, it is not devoid of lyrical quality.

“Here Captain! dear father!

This arm beneath your head!

Elegant language and structure: One of the most important features of elegy is elegant language and strong structure. The language used in the poem is very rich such as captain, heart, exult, and so on. The poem has a cyclic structure. It can be divided into three cycles or levels.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨, āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻ›ā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Questions about nature of life, death and immortality of soul: The elegy raises questions regarding the nature of life, death and immortality of soul. The poem suggests the American to lead a praiseworthy and sacrificial life like Abraham Lincoln but the type of death that has snatched away the life of the beloved leader must be prevented though his soul is immortal. Thus, this poem is an elegy.

āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€: āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

Consolation: The most significant feature of the elegy is consolation by the end of the poem. The poet provides the note of consolation by spreading his feelings of sadness and pride.

āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: Generally, elegies are identified by different types of features. The poem “O Captain! My Captain! fulfills the fundamental characteristics of elegy. The above thesis-based negotiation proves it.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤, āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ “āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨! āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

2. How does Walt Whitman express his grief over the death of the captain?

Introduction: Walt Whitman is a modern poet and poet of democracy. He is an initiative writer. As an initiative writer, his expression of grief is unique. A critical analysis of the poem “O Captain! My Captain! will prove his unique expression of grief.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ “O Captain! My Captain! āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Critical summary of the poem: The poem evokes a single word to the speaker’s newly deceased captain, once mourning the safe and successful return of their ship and the death of its great leader. At the first level, the speaker expresses relief that at last the ship has reached its own port and the audience is delighted. Despite the celebrations on a successful journey, the speaker reveals that his captain’s body is lying on the deck. At the second level, the speaker requests the captain to “get up and hear the bell”, but the dead leader cannot hear his calling and rejoice the winning moment. Everyone is worried about the captain, and the speaker admits that his death has been felt like a nightmare. In the final stage, the speaker spread his feelings of sadness and pride.

Critical summary of the poem: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ “āĻ‰āĻ ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡” āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: So, now we can understand that the poet has expressed his grief in an elegiac form that is a blend of mourn, praise, consolation, and pride.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§‹āĻ•, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤

3. Comment on Theme of Immortality in Dickinson’s Poetry

Introduction: Dickinson (1830-1884) is well known as a unique poet in the history of English literature. She’s unparalleled in respect of the theme of immortality in more than five hundred poems.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (1830-1884) āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻšāĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Life is a Journey: According to Emily Dickinson, our life is racing to the eternal life that is from materialistic world to death. She asserts that our life is a circle which is running like a horse. Our born signifies the fact that we must be die. We are passing our childhood, our youth and our old age that pulls us towards death. So, she says,

“I heard a Fly buzz—when I died”

Thus, she proves the term “Life is a Journey”.

āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§ˆāĻļāĻŦ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨,

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ – āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ”

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ “āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ”āĨ¤

Love is an Enduring Entity: According to Dickinson, man can be immortal through love. This love is not the sensational love. It is spiritual love and love for God, love for universality. She says:

         Unable are the loved to die,

For love is immortality.

The poet has claimed the spiritual love in the poem “Wild Nights Wild Nights”. She declares that if she can spend a sweet night with her beloved, she can make a spiritual love with him.

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡,

“āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡  āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ”

āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Immortality is the earthly vision of haunting reality: This term is perfectly sketched in the poem “I taste a liquor never brewed”. The poet has told that gaining everlasting life of human beings is a hauntingreality. Because human beings devote their life for money, wealth and power. This picture is the reflection of contemporary time of Dickinson when America was corrupted, drug addicted, unsocial and attracted by sexual abuse. But they could get immortality through the closest relation with nature. Because nature is the only way to reach to god in this corrupted world. Their persuasion after worldly things is called hauntingreality.

āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž: “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤  āĻāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ, āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĨ¤

Firm Faith in Immortality of Soul: In the poem “I felt a Funeral in My Brain”, the poet asserts about the immortality of soul. After the death, human beings can see the mourners and their movement which is meditated by the poet in this poem. They can see because, any soul either good or bad never dies. So, the poet here suggests the spiritual development or regeneration for human being and firm believe in the immortality of human soul.

āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸: “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ°  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Conclusion: It is clear that Dickinson represents sundry themes to meet his concept of immortality.

4. How can the poem “Wild Nights – Wild Nights” be regarded as a poem of mystic experience?

Introduction: “Wild nights – wild nights!” is a poem by Emily Dickinson. In this short but powerful poem, the speaker is eager to share the “wild nights” with the missing lover.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ – āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤!” āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ “āĻŦā§āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤” āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšā§€āĨ¤

Love is an Enduring Entity: According to Dickinson, man can be immortal through love. This love is not the sensational love. It is spiritual love and love for God, love for universality. The poet has claimed the spiritual love in the poem “Wild Nights Wild Nights”. She declares that if she can spend a sweet night with her beloved, she can make a spiritual love with him. Here in this poem, beloved does not only mean conjugal life, but it may be the love with friends or God. The poet has referred Eden as the heaven in the poem “Wild Nights Wild Nights”. Through loving god, man can conquer heaven and can be immortal.

Rowing in Eden-

Ah- the sea!

Might I but moor – tonight-

In thee!

In these lines, the poet means to say that staying with one’s beloved for long time is like rowing in heaven. As the people love god at most by which they may persuade to immortality after their death.

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž –

āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° !

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‹-

āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ !

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: The speaker of the poem wants to be close to God or another person. On this note, when the poem was first published in 1891, publishers feared that the romanticism of the poem might surprise the common man. But now this poem is one of the best examples of mysticism.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨ā§‹āĻŸā§‡, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 1891 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤

5. How long will the poet continue drinking the alcohol or nectar from nature?

Introduction: “I taste a liquor never brewed” is one of the few poems published in 1861 in Dickinson’s lifetime. In this poem, the speaker has expressed the mystic concept of drinking.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž” āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 1861-āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

The duration of drinking: Emily Dickinson’s “I taste a liquor never brewed” is about being completely drunk and life. On a glorious summer day, the speaker of the poem imagines drinking so deeply and joyfully in the beauty of nature that even angels rush to their windows to see the speaker’s happy impish.

The poet has also told that gaining everlasting life of human beings is a haunting reality. Because human beings devote their life to money, wealth, and power. This picture is the reflection of the contemporary time of Dickinson when America was corrupted, drug-addicted, unsocial, and attracted by sexual abuse. But they could get immortality through the closest relation with nature. Because nature is the only way to reach to god in this corrupted world. Their persuasion after worldly things is called haunting reality.

āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° “I taste a liquor never brewed” āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—ā§ŒāĻ°āĻŦāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻˇā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤  āĻāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ, āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĨ¤

Conclusion: An ordinary day has become exalted through the nature-drunkenness of the speaker, and the heavenly creatures have become the neighbors next to the speaker. So, till the time of purification, the nectar will be drunk.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻ…āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

6. Critically analyze the poem “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain”.

Introduction: Emily Dickinson wrote “I felt a funeral in my brain”, in her most creative time. The poem uses the characteristic use of Dickinson’s metaphor and an experimental metaphor to explore the issues of madness, despair, and the irrational nature of the universe.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻœāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ”āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ—āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ, āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Investigation of cosmic mysteries: Dickinson depicts an ongoing series of events surrounding a “funeral” that unfolds within the speaker. Starting deep in the speaker’s mind, the poem gradually expands into an investigation of cosmic mysteries whose answers come only in the form of silence.

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ “āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻœāĻž” āĻ˜āĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ§ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ§ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤

Unbearable pressure: The speaker feels as if a funeral service is going on in his own mind. Funeral attendants seem to be searching the back of the speaker’s head so that what they are running is very unbearable to the speaker because they are very noisy though there is no single word uttered by the funeral attendants. Such an unbearable pressure must be felt by the sinners.

āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻĒ: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§‡āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ›āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻĒ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻĒā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

An Inevitable Journey of Life: This poem as whole highlights that life is nothing but an inevitable journey towards death. That is why in “I Felt the Funeral in My Brain”, Dickinson warns the American people that they should not be involved in corruption, illicit love affair, alcoholing, and criminal activity because death is inevitable. If they think of death, they can never be involved in such activities.

āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž: āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ” āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•, āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

Conclusion: In fine, we can say as it is inevitable to taste the taste of death for all creatures of this universe, life should be led in a mystic way so that immortality can be achieved.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

7. Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost

Introduction: Pastoralism which is a term of literature contrasts between simple and complicated life. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a pastoral poet but he has not followed the conventions and traditions of pastoral poetry. He has invented his own methods of composing pastoral poetry and has been successful in doing so. As result of his invention, he has become a pastoral and modern poet at the same time.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ (1874-1963) āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Frost’s pastoralism is not an escape from reality: Many readers may think that Frost’s pastoralism is an attempt to escape from the real world to ideal world. He returns from the city life to rural life to examine city life more deeply. Rural life is an artistic perspective for him from where he can analyze the complicated and problematic urban life. In his poems, Robert Frost contrasts human life and mechanical power by his unique pastoral setting.

āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ  āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻœāĻ—ā§Ž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ—āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§ˆāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻšā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

Pastoralism connected with romantic vision: Pastoralism is usually connected with romantic vision. The common place objects and scenery are idealized, glorified and tinged with imagination. Though Frost has a strong passion for pastoralism, realism forms the basis of vision and art because his poetry is loaded with suggestion. Frost’s romantic vision has made him classic in term of forms and interpretation of life based on realistic interests.

āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤: āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ•, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: To conclude, Frost is a pastoral poet with a difference as he has adopted a pastoral setting only to differentiate between simplicity and complexity.

8. What message do you get from the death of the Hired Man?

Introduction: The Poem entitled “The Death of the Hired Man” has been written by a great American poet Robert Frost. This is a long narrative poem about death and subsequent guilt. It was first published in 1914.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄā§‡āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨” āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖā§€ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ 1914 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

The key concept of the poem: The poem speaks of a poor former employee who leaves his employers at a reasonable time and returns to his poor condition. It further explains how his master’s cold reaction leads him to death. The poem also talks about the effects of forgiveness and power.

āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

Death as representative: The poem focuses on the unfortunate death of a poor man who dies helplessly on his master’s farm. The poem begins with a conversation of a rural couple; Wife Mary tells her husband Warren that their former employee has returned to apologize. Mary wants her husband to forgive their poor laborer, although Warren does not want to take Silas back because he has always disappointed him. Thus, it is now understood that just moments before death, man can find his faults like Silas and become a poor candidate for an apology.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ•, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Representation of ideal mentality: Mary constantly tries to convince her husband that Silas is in a miserable condition and comes to us to die. Since Warren has not seen Silas during his illness, he is still angry that Silas had broken promises in the past several times. He simply does not want to give a second chance to someone who has already broken his faith. On the other hand, the woman does not give up and finally persuades her husband to take this poor man inside. Unfortunately, when Warren goes to get Silas, Silas has already died. So, here it is evident that a human being of a good mentality can even change a stubborn mentality to a sympathetic mentality.

āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡, āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: Now we can conclude that the message of the poem is; timely forgiveness can save a man’s life.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

9. What message does Frost convey through the poem “Mending Wall”?

Introduction: Robert Frost who is a great American poet has written the poem “Mending Wall”. This is a thought-provoking poem about human limitations and their advantages in society. It was first published in 1914. Since the publication of the poem, it has gained a lot of popularity around the world due to its simple yet profound subject matter.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ “āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻĨāĻš āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

The key concept of the poem: The poem is about two neighbors who meet every spring to repair the stone wall that separates their farms. It also explains how good fences make good neighbors and how we can build long-lasting relationships with neighbors. In a broad sense, it teaches how we can build lasting international relations.

āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤

The message of the poem: This poem is about the activity of fixing the wall every spring by the speaker and his neighbor. The narrator of the poem thinks that there is no need for boundaries because both of them have nothing valuable to keep on the lawn. They just have trees. To him, fixing the wall is a pointless activity. He observes the falling of stones from the wall and comments that even nature is not in favor of this fence. However, his neighbor tries to argue with his traditions. He firmly claims that boundaries and distances are essential for a relationship to work. But what fascinates the reader is the message that the poet conveys that most relationships can work well with limitations.

āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž: āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻ› āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ° āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§‚āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: To conclude, we are just stunned by the far-reaching vision of Robert Frost. Today, the USA has become a dreamy country for the people of the whole world because of its limitations and good governance.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§‚āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻœ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

10. Is or Was Robert Frost wise in choosing the road less travelled by?

Introduction: The poem “The Road Not Taken” has been written by Robert Frost and was published in 1961 as the first poem in the collection of poetry entitled “Mountain Interval”. This is an ambiguous poem that helps readers think about the choices they make in life.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻŸ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ “āĻŽāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛” āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšāĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Nostalgia for life choices: This poem is about life from the perspective of a young storyteller.The poem is about the uncertainty and confusion of the human mind about what they can do while standing on the brink of choosing. This is because life is full of choices and the choices we make define the whole course of our lives. Similarly, the narrator encounters a situation during his travel. He finds two roads where he has to choose one and follow his choice. He thinks he can come back to travel on another road again. However, he also has a feeling that his choice will lead him to face new events and challenges. Although he has some regrets about his choice, he realizes that the things he encountered and the places he went to made all the difference in his life because of this path.

āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ“ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: Outwardly, Robert Frost may seem wrong in his choice but the hidden message of the poem is that he is successful because his choice has taught him something new, different, and innovative.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨, āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

11. Discuss the liberal attitude of Langston Hughes.

Introduction: Langston Hughes is one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance. He believes in using his art to get his feelings about politics and justice. He travels to other countries to learn how to deal with ethnic issues. Despite his own liberal beliefs, Hughes defends himself on behalf of African American workers who hold more conservative views.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

The liberal attitude expressed in his poems: In almost all the poems of Langston Hughes, we get his strong liberalism. In his most powerful poem “I Too Sing America”, his liberal attitude has got expressed acutely with full of confidence. The poem is singularly significant evidence of the museum’s mission to tell the history of the United States through the lanes of the African-American experience. That history took shape in the early twentieth century when Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation across the Southern United States.

Just 18 lines of it contain multiple themes such as inequality, racial discrimination, and hope. These themes express African-American relations with the majority culture and society. The poet has been shocked by the utmost discriminatory relationships but never loses hope that is why he proclaims confidently:

“Tomorrow,

I’ll be at the table”

āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻ†āĻ‡ āĻŸā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž” āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ°  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ—ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 18 āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨:

“āĻ†āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛,

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ “

Conclusion: To express his liberal attitude, Langston Hughes has written a number of protest poems which are the paradigm of peaceful revolution.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤

12. Discuss the symbolic elements of Langston Hughes poetry.

N.B: This is a broad question and you have to cut it short.

Introduction: Langston Hughes’s poetry depicts the environment of African Americans in the 1920s. As a member of the small ethnic community, he has been nearly forced to adopt a symbolic writing technique for the purpose of expressing his liberal attitude though the symbolism is the soul of modern English poetry.

Symbolic imagery in Langston Hughes’ poetry: There is hardly a poem of Hughes which does not have any symbolic significance but the poem “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” is such a poem in which metaphorical statements based on symbols have been used throughout the poem. The multifarious symbolic meanings of this have been especially applied to identify the identity of African Americans.

The symbols of the old rivers: The old rivers can be interpreted in a variety of ways. They represent the birth and growth of African American culture and the most significant moments of their past. The words written in this poem represent the pride and wisdom of a group of outstanding people and this group is certainly the Negro Community.

Great use of pronoun: Throughout the poem, Hughes like Walt Whitman has used the word “I”  to declare confidently that the Negro community is fully connected to America’s struggles and success stories.

The birth of life and the beginning of civilization: In the fourth line of the poem, Hughes talks about the Euphrates River. This river is the symbol of the birth of life and the beginning of civilization. This river represents the youth of African Americans. Hughes then speaks of the Congo River in Africa. This is the home image of many African Americans. It represents a place of tranquility and peace in their lives.

Inauguration of slavery: Hughes writes about the river Nile and the Great Pyramid of Egypt. The pyramids can be seen as a symbol of the slavery of many people because of the slave labor that led to the creation of this great structure. And the river Nile that is situated in the Continent of Africa is considered to be the gateway of culture and civilization.

Versatile symbolic use of Mississippi River: Finally, there is writing about the great Mississippi River. Many symbols come from this river. To many whites, it represents prosperity, especially during the Civil War when the slave trade was one of the mainstays of the economy. This river to many African Americans may represent the oppression of their people.

Hope and freedom: The panorama of Abe Lincoln riding on the Mississippi can be seen as a symbol of hope and freedom to the slaves of the South. The fact that he comes to the banks of this particular river represents the time of the coming change.

Conclusion: To conclude, Langston Hughes has been a fabulous narrative poet like a novelist by dint of his symbolism. He has a complete touch of creative genius from the natural sources, small things and incidents. His life long struggle is the consequence of the top position of the Negroes in America at present.

N.B: The rest of the short questions of the suggestion of PRC Foundation and excluding our suggestion for you better preparation have to be solved by your own effort because we want to make you creative one, not a parrot. And one thing more, we ensure you 100% that if you read our question-answers with complete understanding and realization, you must cut a good figure in your exam.

Part-C

1. Discuss the major themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry

Introduction: Theme is the fundamental fact for any literary work. It can be considered to be the backbone of success. Emily Dickinson has a versatile creative genius to handle different kinds of themes in her poetry. Here her theme management is described with points and illustrations.

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Nature: Dickinson has written poems based on nature and the natural world. To get heavenly pleasure, she respects nature as a phenomenon. In her poems, nature reveals the mystic of god, immortality, and death. In her celebrated poem, I Taste a Liquor never Brewed” she recounts the natural beauty. Again, in this poem, she exposes the hidden reality of immortality. The poet is enjoying the summer season. To enjoy the beauty of summer, she drinks a liquid that tastes like wine and more taste than alcohol that is made beside the river Rhine. It provides pleasure to the poet and intoxicates the poet more than wine.

“Inebriate of air – am I –

And Debauchee of Dew –“

She is drunk with the wind. From a mystic point of view, she presents the sun as a lamp post. To get close contact with God, she depicts the mysticism of nature.

Dickinson in her love poems presents nature. In “Wild Nights Wild Nights”, she talks about the sea. “Because I could not stop for death” is especially based on immortality and death. She can see the playing children, green fields, and sunset which represents childhood, youth, and old age. The representation of nature exposes the romanticism of Dickinson but she never forgets to exercise mysticism.

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“āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ

āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ  –

āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻā§€āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻœ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§ˆāĻļāĻŦ, āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

Love: Dickinson converses about love but she does not give priority to sensational love. To connect with God, spiritual love is needed. Basically, Dickinson talks about spiritual love but in her poem “Wild Nights Wild Nights”, she sometimes talks about sensational love.

Rowing in Eden –

Ah – the Sea!

Might I but moor – tonight –

In thee!

Here in this poem, the poet refers to “thee”. According to the critics, “thee” means beloved person here, the person who may be black and white, tall or short does not matter. To Dickinson, it is the luxurious fact to pass a night with a loveable person. To remain close to the desired person is comparable to rowing in the sea of heaven. Though in this poem, the poet talks about sensational love but mysticism is again revealed. She remembers Eve and Adam or biblical characters.

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻŦā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻļāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§ŒāĻ•āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ !

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ – āĻ†āĻœ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ –

āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ !

āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ “āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡” āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, “āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ­ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Immortality and Death: The striking feature of Dickinson’s poetry is the themes of immortality and death. In her poem “I felt funeral in my brain”, immortality and death are expressed. Here in this poem, a funeral is used for mourning and mourning comes from death. The poet here reveals the psychological death of the human mind. She speculates death in her 500 early poems. The spiritual development of the mind, sufferings, and pain are revealed throughout the poems. Another prolific poem is “Because I could not stop for death” where death and immortality are reflected and the poet declares that through only death we can gain immortality.

Because I could not stop for Death –

He kindly stopped for me –

The Carriage held but just Ourselves –

And Immortality.

So, death and immortality are the two fascinating themes of Dickinson’s poetry.

āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤  āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ”, āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° 500 āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤

“āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ –

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ –

āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ –

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĨ¤”

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤

Pains and Sufferings: To identify the theme, we need to reflect on the biography of Dickinson. After the premature death of her father, she became alone and isolated from her family and engaged in an illicit love affair with her father’s friend. She believes that love, pain, sufferings, society, and family are important for the growth of the human mind. Because of her father’s death, she became broken-hearted. In “I felt funeral in my brain” reveals death but from a deeper level, it reveals pain and suffering. The violation of humanity, mental anguish, and pains is found from profound analysis.

āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§€āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ, āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻšā§‹āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Poetic Diction: For writing poetry, a poet has to be an artist first. Poetic art makes a poet different and superior to others.  It is one of the themes of Dickinson’s poetry.

āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻž: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤

Conclusion: To conclude, we must say that Dickinson represents sundry themes to satisfy his mysticism. She is absolutely unique and unforgettable because of her spiritual quest to meet God through the themes of her poems.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

2. Discuss Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature.

Or, Discuss Dickinson’s attitude to nature.

Introduction: Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) is not a poet of nature in the conventional sense. She lived a life of secrecy and self-selected captivity. Human society was never a matter of interest to her. On the contrary, she found comfort and solace in nature. She is a poet of nature with a conspicuous difference and the study about her as a poet of nature is really a matter of scholarly interest years after years.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (1830-1886) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ– āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Phenomenon of heavenly pleasure: Dickinson has written poem based on nature and natural world. To get heavenly pleasure, she respects nature as a phenomenon. In her poems, nature reveals the mysticism of god, immortality and death. In her celebrated poem, “I Taste a Liquor never Brewed”, she recounts the natural beauty. Again, in this poem, she exposes the hidden reality of immortality. The poet is enjoying the summer season. To enjoy the beauty of summer, she drinks a liquid that tastes like wine and tastier than alcohol that is made beside the river Rhine. It provides pleasure and excitement to the poet more than honey.

“Inebriate of air – am I –

And Debauchee of Dew –”

Thus, nature is a real source to Dickinson for heavenly pleasure.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯-āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻ‹āĻ¤ā§ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻˇā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻœāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

“āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻˇ – āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ“ –

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ° – “

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĨ¤

Nature with mystic concept: In her earlier poems, Dickinson found nature as a mother and then she found nature mocking at man but finally discovers a mysterious link between man and nature. To get the close contact of god, she depicts the mystic concept of nature. The mystic concept of nature has been well expressed in the poem “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed”. The poet is drunk with the beauty of nature. From mystic point of view, she presents sun as lamp post. Dickinson presents nature in her love poems. In “Wild Nights Wild Nights”, she talks about sea which is most probably situated in the heaven.

Rowing in Eden –

Ah – the Sea!

Might I but moor – tonight –

In thee!

“Because I could not stop for death” is specially based on the immortality and death. She can see the playing children, green fields and sun set which represents childhood, youth and old age. Thus, the representation of nature exposes the romanticism of Dickinson, but she never forgets to exercise mysticism.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻā§€āĻĒ āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

Rowing in Eden –

Ah – the Sea!

Might I but moor – tonight –

In thee!

“Because I could not Stop for Death” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡  āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻœ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž  āĻļā§ˆāĻļāĻŦ, āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

Realization and Introspection: To Dickinson, nature is a medium through which she attempts to realize herself. Her poems on nature are an exploration into the undiscovered continent of the poet’s self. Nature is an exquisite blend of the human spirit and the divine that means a fusion between the finite and the infinite.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨āĨ¤

Tranquility: Emily Dickinson is often called American Romantic. According to the concept of Romantic Movement, Dickinson’s poems are reminiscent of true tranquility, but nature did not give rise to any philosophy in the poet’s mind. There is no systematic philosophy in case of treatment of nature in the poems of Dickinson like Wordsworth’s pantheism. Rather Emily compares people to the world of nature.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻĨāĻŋāĻœāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ—āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Keen observation and close associations: Dickinson’s keen observation and close associations with nature provided her the chance to present the neglected and grotesque aspects of nature. The rat, the mushroom, the fly, the bat, the snake, the frog, the stones, all are enlivened before us through Emily’s Poems. The Romantics avoided these aspects, the moralists ignored; but Emily Dickinson found in them the true representation of nature. The poem “A Bird Came Down the Walk” illustrates this point. Thus, such intense observation and close associations with objects of nature make Emily Dickinson refusing to employ nature as a guide for moral behavior.

āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻŽāĻžāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ›āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧ , āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒ, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ™, āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨; āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “A Bird Came Down the Walk”  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ 

Conclusion: Emily Dickinson is a popular poet of nature. She paints nature on the canvas of solitude. Unlike most of the poets of her era, Dickinson was not under the influence of big romanticists such as Keats, Shelley or Wordsworth. Dickinson uses nature to practice human love which gives her poetry a rare aroma.

3. Comment on Dickinson’s Mysticism

Introduction: Mysticism is the belief that union with the absorption into the deity or the absolute or the spiritual apprehension knowledge inaccessible to the intellect. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Mysticism is the belief that the knowledge of god and real truth can be found through prayer and meditation, rather than through reason and the senses.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻœāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻœāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻž āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤

Dickinson as a Mystic Poet: Emily Dickinson [1830-1886] is famous for mysticism. She uses mystic elements in a large extent. Her poems are based on spiritual development of thought and profound knowledge. Dickinson’s mystic elements with the reference of her poems are given below:

āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨: āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ [1830-1886] āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻœāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ°ā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻš āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§€āĻšā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

Dickinson’s mystic view on love: Dickinson’s mystic view on love has been expressed in a superb way in the following lines:

‘Unable are the loved to die.

For love is immortality.’

These lines reveal that man must die with love and only love can make a man immortal because love is immortal itself. Love is eternal in this world that presides over human heart.

Dickinson gives priority to spiritual or mystic love than sensational love. In the poem, “Wild Nights Wild Nights”, Dickinson refers her lover as “thee” but who is thee it is obscure. She anticipates;

Rowing in Eden-

Ah- the sea!

Might I but moor- tonight-

In thee!

Dickinson relates that passing a night with her lover is luxurious and she wants to row by boat with her lover in the sea of Eden. Here rowing by boat in the sea of Eden reveals mysticism. Passing a night with her lover was normal and sensational love but rowing by boat in the sea exposes spiritual or mystic love.

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

“āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡  āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ”

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡  āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ•ā§‡  “āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŸāĻž āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ā§‡  āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡,

āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž –

āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° !

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‹-

āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ !

āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¨ā§ŒāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§ŒāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§ŒāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻž āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Mystic attitude to death: The poet writes more than 1800 poems. According to critics, Dickinson’s’ 500 poems are based on the theme “death”. She represents death as mystic element. The poem “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain” is a luminous example of the mysticism of death. She remarks;

“I felt a funeral in my brain

And mourners to and fro

Kept treading- treading-till it’s seemed

That sense was breaking through”

She feels funeral in her brain. She gives the whole description after death in meditation. Throughout the poem, Dickinson unlocks the spiritual development through death. From surface level, it is a poem deals with sufferings and pains but from deeper level it reveals the spiritual development and mysticism of death. In the poem “Because I Could not Stop for Death”, She opens the poem declaring mysticism,

Because I could not stop for death-

He kindly stopped for me-

The carriage held by just ourselves-

And immortality.

Dickinson in these lines declare about the journey of the death. It is a spiritual journey, the journey of soul. It’s impossible to think but this journey is possible from Psychological point of view.

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ ā§§ā§Žā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§” āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “I Felt a Funeral in my Brain” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ –

“āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§‡āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ ”

āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ “Because I Could not Stop for Death” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨,

āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ-

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨-

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ-

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ, āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤

Mystic Viewpoint to Nature: Dickinson writes poem based on nature. So, the romantic elements like high imagination, subjectivity and description of nature is found. But through nature, she shows the existence of god like the pantheist. “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” is a nature-based poem which reveals mysticism loving nature. Nature is simple from outward but inwardly it creates a connection with god. She finds God’s existence. The symbols of the poem are sun, wind, seraph or angel. These are the symbol of mysticism because through these elements she tries to make a relationship with god.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹āĨ¤ “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§€āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšâ€™āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĢ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĻĻā§‚āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Mystic Attitude to Immortality: Human being is mortal, but he can attain immortality after his death. Death helps a man to be free. “Because I Could not Stop for Death” is a poem of immortality. The first four lines expose that we are roaming with death and death is our ever companion. According to Dickinson, without death, immortality cannot be gained. Her mystic attitude is clear from this speech. The last four lines of the poem provide the notes of immortality and eternity-

Tis centuries- and yet

Feels shorter than the day

I first surmised the Horses heads

Were toward eternity.

After death, a man gets relief from prison (body or physical structure) and starts his journey to immortality.

āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖāĻļā§€āĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ “āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻšāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡-

āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ“ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ›ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ

āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ (āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨) āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Firm mystic Belief in immortality of soul: Man dies physically but his soul remains alive. After physical death, his soul become free and starts a new journey. Dickinson believes that there is another world after death where there is no pains and sufferings. She refers;

This World is not Conclusion.

A Species stands beyond –

Invisible, as Music –

But positive, as Sound –

It beckons, and it baffles –

She asserts here in this poem that music cannot be seen but we can feel in our heart. Like music, soul is invisible, and the journey of soul can never be seen. Here the mysticism is revealed vividly.

āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž-āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨,

āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ –

āĻ…āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ –

āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ –

āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻļāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡  –

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹, āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ…āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: To Conclude, Dickinson is herself a mysterious person. So, her poems also sketch mysticism perfectly.

4. Death as the Recurring Symbol of Dickinson’s Poetry- Discuss.

Or, discuss the symbol of Dickinson’s poetry.

Introduction: Death is one of the principal subjects or themes in Dickinson’s poetry. She uses the recurring symbol of death in her poetry as it can be learnt from the history that during Dickinson’s time there was high mortality rate of youth and frustration prevailed at that time throughout America. Besides, death is the poetic interest for her to compose poetry.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Dickinson’s Poetic Insight: Death is the poetic insight of Dickinson’s poems. Every poet has a special insight in writing literary works such as William Shakespeare had a lot of practical knowledge. Even many poets have versatile specialty. Dickinson’s specialty is the concept of death. She has used death as the prime conception in more than 500 poems. So, she has presented death as the recurring or repeated symbols in her poems.

āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ: āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ ā§Ģ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Philosophical aspect of Death: Death is uncertain like a breakdown of a clock. Death has a deep philosophy. Benjamin Franklin has said that the two things are true in the world, one is death, and another is to give tax to government. So, death is truth. God has created us and only he knows our death date. Any time can be the last moment of human beings.

Again, she asserts that death is the long sleep without any disturbance. In Christianity, priest quotes during entomb occasion that my dear friend sleep peacefully in the paradise, later, I will join you. Dickinson was disturbed in his life because of her illicit relationship with his father’s friend. She had to face some obstacles because of her relationship. So, he referred the death again and again in his poem to get a long-term rest without disturbance and to make aware the American people to get out from the nasty activities.

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•: āĻ˜āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻžā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ– āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ“, āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Death makes man accountable and conscious: According to many critics, human being is as much responsible as for the death. Because they know that death is just behind them and anytime can cover them. In the poem “Because I could not stop for Death”, Dickinson has showed that everyone must be spiritually regenerated. Again in “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain”, she has made conscious the American people that they should not involve in corruption, sexuality, alcoholism and criminal activities because death is inevitable. If they thought about death, they never could be involved in such kinds of activities.

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ “Because I could not stop for Death” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž, āĻŽāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

Death is the Bridge: One medium is available to connect with god that is death. Human being can be united with god through death. Dickinson has told about this bridge in many of her poem even in “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain” and “Because I could not stop for death”. From this conception, we come to know that death is not only a word, not the conclusion of the world, rather it’s a tunnel for resurrection, to connect with god. The poet says:

This World is not Conclusion.

A Species stands beyond –

Invisible, as Music –

But positive, as Sound –

It beckons, and it baffles –

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ: āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡  āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain”  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “Because I could not stop for death”āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ , āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž  āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨:

āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ –

āĻ…āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ –

āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ –

āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻļāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡  –

Immortality is not gained without death: If someone wants to be immortal, he must die. Because no one can get everlasting life without death. In the poem “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed”, the poet shows the ways to become immortal in the materialistic world. Again in “Because I could not stop for Death”, she also shows that death come to me by a vehicle with immortality that means only death is the only way to get the evergreen or immortal life.

āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž: āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed”  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ° āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° “Because I could not stop for Death” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻœ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤

Conclusion: By the end of the discussion it has been vivid that death is important and prominent motif of Dickinson’s poetry. No other poet, either America or Britain, has looked upon death in such myriad of light as she has done.

5. Discuss when Lilacs Last at the Dooryard Bloomed as an elegy.

Introduction: The word ‘elegy’ comes from the Greek word ‘elegos’ meaning ‘song’. Elegy is a poem or song that expresses sadness, especially for someone who has died. “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” is a long poem in the form of an elegy written by American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892) in 1865. The poem has been written in the tradition of pastoral elegy focusing on the death of 16th president of America Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: ‘āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ’ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ ‘āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‹āĻ¸â€™ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ ‘āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ “āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻ¸ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŽ’āĻĄ” 1865 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° (1819-181892) āĻ°āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻœāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ—āĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° 16 āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° (1809-1865) āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Function of elegy: Elegy is one of the richest literary forms because it has the capacity to express emotions that deeply influence people. The most powerful of the tools Elegy uses is to rely on the memory of those who are no longer there. Most of the poets who wrote elegies were evidently awed by the frailty of human beings, and how the world completely forgets about the deceased at some point. So, from functional perspective “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”, is a perfect paradigm of elegy.

āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨: āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻļāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻ°āĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°ā§€ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ “āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻ¸ āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĄā§‹āĻ°āĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŽ’āĻĄā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇ”, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻļā§€āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤

Creating gloomy atmosphere: The elegiac poets create a gloomy atmosphere at the outset of the poem so that mourn can be expressed deeply. Walt Whitman has created a sorrowful atmosphere in the poem. In grieving for the death of the beloved leader, the poet sat looking at the day closing with its light and fields of spring. He observed that the farmers are preparing their crops. He also observed the unconscious scenery of the land with its sky and earth, rivers and hills, cities, people, houses and streets. All of a sudden there appeared the long black trail of death. It enveloped all including the poet. Such outer environment was filled with sadness by the song of the bird as the poet says:

“And the charm of the carol rapt me,

As I held as if by their hands my comrades in the night,

And the voice of my spirit tallied the song of the bird.”

The lines indicate the sad song of the bird as matching the voice of the poet’s spirit. Both sang welcoming death and knowledge of death. Because of this environmental background of the poem, it is an elegy.

āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻĻāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇāĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ“ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€, āĻ¨āĻĻā§€, āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ, āĻļāĻšāĻ°, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻ˜āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒāĻĨāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŖā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­āĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛:

“āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽāĻ°ā§‡āĻĄāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ,

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻœ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤â€œ

āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻŸāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

Lyrical quality: Though the poem has been written in blank verse, it is not devoid of lyrical quality. As innovative writer and poet, Whitman has unique capacity to produce lyricism in blank verse.

“O powerful western fallen star!

O shades of night—O moody, tearful night!”

āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§€āĻ¨  āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

“āĻšā§‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž!

āĻšā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž — āĻšā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤! “

Elegant language and structure: One of the most important features of elegy is elegant language and strong structure. The language used in the poem is very rich. The poem has cyclic structure. It can be divided into three cycles. The first cycle is from section 1 to 4. It introduces the three major symbols of the poem ‘lilac, star and bird’ and expresses the deep grief of the poet for his beloved leader. The second cycle is from section 5 to 9. This cycle depicts the journey of the coffin bearing train through natural scenery and industrial cities. Sections 10-13 constitute the third cycle that presents the utmost grief of the poet. Section 14, 15 and 16 restates the themes of the poem.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹: āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— 1 āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ 4 āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• ‘āĻ˛ā§€āĻ˛āĻžāĻ•, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ’ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ 5 āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ 9 āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻĢāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— 10-10 āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ ā§§ā§Ē, ā§§ā§Ģ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚16 āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻĻā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Questions about nature of life, death and immortality of soul: The elegy raises questions regarding the nature of life, death and immortality of soul. The poem suggests the American to lead a praiseworthy and sacrificial life like Abraham Lincoln but the type of death that has snatched away the life of the beloved leader must be prevented though his soul is immortal. Thus, this poem is an elegy.

āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€: āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ…āĻŽāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āĻ•āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

Consolation: The most significant feature of elegy is consolation by the end of the poem remembering poet’s own death. We can quote here from the poem.

“Dark mother always gliding near with soft feet,

Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?”

Thus, the poet provides the note of consolation that death is not an evil rather it relieves everyone from the pains, troubles, worries and anxieties of life.

āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž: āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤

“āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ§ā§€āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ° āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡,

āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž? “

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž, āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: Generally, elegies are identified by different types of features. “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” fulfills the fundamental characteristic features of elegy. The above thesis-based negotiation proves it.

6. Discuss Walt Whitman as a modern poet.

Introduction: Modernism has to be defined first before we discuss the modernistic elements in Whitman. It is a style or movement in the arts that aims to depart significantly from classical or traditional forms. Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia defines modernism in the following terms, “In the arts, a radical break with the past and concurrent search for new forms of expression.”

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ “Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia” āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡  āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, “āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤”

Representation of democracy: Democracy is the most modernist tendency in literature and Whitman has presented it in respect of American democracy. He tries to encompass the whole of America. He symbolizes the equalizing process of democracy. His conception of equality and democracy gives every individual an exulted status. Whitman asserts, though there have been a lot of pitfalls in the way of democracy, it will ultimately win the victory.

“For you these form me, O Democracy, to serve you, me femme”.

Thus, Whitman is a modernist because of his expression of most modern tendency in poetry.

āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

“āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻšā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤”āĨ¤

āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĨ¤

Use of blank verse: Whitman has not followed the poetic conventions and traditions and techniques. His greatest contribution to the growth of American poetry is his total change of the existing poetic form and his use of free verse. He deals with modern man with a fresh outlook on life. He has also discarded two traditional elements of poetic style which are rhyme and meter. After him, in modern period, use of blank verse in poetry has become a fashion in poetry writing including T. S. Eliot. So, Whitman is out and out a modernist one.

āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨,  āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°, āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĨ¤

Exercise of images and symbols from modern perspective: The use of the images and symbols by Whitman is also a modernist element due to his dramatic element in poetry. The “I” and “You” in his poems introduce the dramatic element. Whitman is peculiar that is why he does not present his images and pictures before his readers in any logical order. He says:

“I name everything as it comes”

This quotation is also a fantastic example of stream of consciousness. It is applied by Whitman before the inauguration of this very literary device. In this way, he is the creator of the modernists.

āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨: āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻ•ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨:

“āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤”

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻ§ā§āĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°  āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĨ¤

In terms of poetic medium: Walt Whitman is modern in terms of his poetic medium too. If we consider him from the viewpoint of syntax, we find him the poet of the phrase. A complete sentence is not important to him. Modern poets echo the syntax of Whitman.

āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡: āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡  āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Evaluation of the critic: Critic after critic has paid glowing tribute to Walt Whitman as the pioneer of modern critic. However, the best tribute is ever paid by D.H. Lawrence who remarks, “Whitman, the one-man breaking wave ahead. Whitman, the one pioneer. And only Whitman. No English pioneers, no French. No European pioneer-poets”.

āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨: āĻ…āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ• āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻžā§āĻœāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡āĻš āĻ˛āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸, āĻ¯ā§‡, “āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ  āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€, āĻŦāĻž  āĻĢāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¨ ”

Conclusion: It is crystal like clear that, Whitman has used democracy as the modern element of his poetry along with his avoidance of traditional form of poetic verse. He is the pioneer of modernists.

7. Discuss Whitman as a poet of democracy.

Introduction: Walt Whitman (1819-1892) is considered to be one of the greatest poets of democracy not only in American literature but also in world literature as well. He was a born democrat as he believed in the inherent dignity and equality of all men and women. His conception of democracy is based on this belief. Here Whitman is illustrated as a poet of democracy by pointing to the references of his poems.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŸ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ (1819-1892) āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Declaration of the ultimate victory of democracy: In the poems “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” and “O Captain! My Captain”, Whitman has announced the ultimate victory of democracy. In both of these poems, he has asserted that after a struggle of the bloody civil war the ship or train of democracy has reached its shore or station but the criminals could not tolerate this and they think that they will destroy the democracy from the history of the nation but it has been even more stable witnessed for democracy by the presence of the mourners on the shores or stations after stations. It is in the poet’s tongue:

O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,

āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž: “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “O Captain! My Captain” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœ āĻŦāĻž āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:

āĻšā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨! āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•! āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,

āĻœāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¤āĻž āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,

Dealing with ideal and universal democracy: It appears from a study of Whitman’s poetry that his democracy is ideal and universal. He personifies the spirit of universal brotherhood. According to a critic of Whitman, “Men of every class then are interesting to Whitman”. In the poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry”, the poet says-

“It avails not time nor space- distance avails not

I am with you, you men and women of a generation,

Or every so many generation hence”

From the above-quoted lines, we can form an idea of the democracy of Whitman that all men are equal and that is ideal. As a manifestation of his democratic ideal, the poet celebrates the average American through himself. He uses the “I” as an all-embracing concept.

āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž: āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, “āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ• āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ”āĨ¤ “āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĢā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡â€ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨-

“āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨-āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›āĻŋ,

āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ›āĻŋ”

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻƒāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ” āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Presence of all walks of people: Like the kingdom of heaven, the democracy of Whitman is open irrespective of any caste, color, or creed. That is why Whitman refuses to compose poems for the parts. The basic ideas of democracy are the liberty of individual, fraternity, and equality. All these are based on the basic dignity of man. The poet says-

“And that all men ever born are also my brothers

and the women my sisters and lovers”

āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨-

“āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ”

Dignity and nobility of every common man: As it is known to the people of the world that Abraham Lincoln who is the ideal political leader of Whitman has fought against the injustice of the slavery system. The long civil war (1861-1865) has been the prime subject matter of Whitman’s poetry and the murder of his beloved leader is illustrated by him in his poems. This depiction symbolically represents the democratic note of dignity and nobility of every common man.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ­āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯: āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ (1861-1865) āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ­āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§‹āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Democracy in every object of nature: No other poet is as genius as Whitman in respect of the democratic nature of the natural world. The poet celebrates that the mystic democratic conception of nature offers us to be the preserver of human rights and dignity at our level best. He uses lilacs as the symbol of love for the ideal political reader and the hermit thrush as a mourner that is why he is called the poet of democracy who has an exceptional point of view on democracy.

Bible of democracy: Whitman is considered to be the composer of the Bible of democracy. “Leaves of Grass” is his most famous political work. It is regarded as the Bible of democracy. Besides, almost all of the poems of Whitman directly or indirectly deal with politics and democracy.

Conclusion: But, for all these, we should not take Whitman as a mere idealist in democracy. His democracy is practical. The way he holds the idea of democracy is different from other thinker’s ideas about it. His democracy is ideal, universal, and pantheistic but practical at the same time.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§āĻ‡āĻŸāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

8. Evaluate Frost as a poet of man or common man.

Introduction: A poet of nature is a poet of man. Like Wordsworth of England, Frost (1874-1963) of America is such a poet that means a poet of nature. Frost’s treatment of nature is the new one and unique as well. His poetry lives with a particular aliveness because it expresses living people.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ (ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ē-ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§Š) āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž  āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ“āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Sketch of human characters: Frost has drawn sketches of human characters in many of his poems. They are marked with fineness and variety. Though his scope of the world of human characters is limited, he moves about artistically and displays an astonishing variety. The method of presenting the characters is as various as the characters themselves. For example, “The Road not Taken” depicts the split personality of the speaker.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ—āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, “The Road not Taken” āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Analysis of human psychology: Based on the psychological analysis, the characters represented by Frost can be divided into two categories.

  1. The abnormal and the neurotic characters
  2. The normal and well-adjusted characters

Frost who is the only poet in the history of the English literature has gained myriad human psychology in poetry. He is totally different from Robert Browning of England because Browning has sketched characters rest on success or failure. On the other hand, Frost has created characters based on mentality. for an instance, in the poem “Mending Wall”, we get two characters such as neurotic and well-adjusted. The speaker of the poem is a young normal one, but the old neighbor is a neurotic one who comments:

“Good fences make good neighbor”

Thus, in many of his poems including “Home Burial”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”, “The Death of Hired Man” and so on, Frost has shown his mastery in the analysis of human psychology.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ: āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

  1. āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
  2. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§-āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°

āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, “Mending Wall” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ (neurotic) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§-āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ , āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨:

“āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡â€

āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, “Home Burial”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”, “The Death of Hired Man” āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Intimate and personal knowledge of the New Englanders: Frost is called a local and regional poet because of his deep passion for his local and regional countryside and deep observation of the mentality of the people of New England, the northeastern region of the United States of America comprising of six states. According to the critics, Frost has similarity with Wordsworth in respect of local and regional knowledge only. No other poet of English literature has as deep knowledge as Frost on the local people. One of the famous collections of poetry of Frost is “North of Boston” published in 1914 in which all the characters of his poems are from New England.

āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‰ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ (USA) āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°-āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‰ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻ¸āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœā§€ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ¨ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ “North of  Boston” āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‰ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤

The conflict of the human heart: Frost is called a poet of common man or man because of his profound analytical knowledge on the conflict of the human heart. One of the best readable poems is “The Road not Taken” which illustrates the conflict of the human heart of the split speaker. The speaker is confused and puzzled because of two diversified roads in front of him. This character symbolically represents all human hearts.

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth;

āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦ: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻš’āĻ˛ “The Road not Taken” āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤,

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ(āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ)āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨āĻž

āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡) āĻāĻ• āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ

āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻĻā§‚āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ

āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡);

Conclusion: Frost is a poet of ordinary human beings much in the way of Wordsworth. Above all, his humans are not idealized but real. He has drawn all these portraits with the sympathy and tenderness of feelings of a great poet.

9. Discuss the theme of alienation of Robert Frost’s poetry.

Introduction: As we know that Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a poet of human psychology, all aspects of human psychology are certainly present in his poems that is why alienation or isolation is one of the prime themes of his poetry.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ (ā§§ā§Ž74ā§Ē-ā§§6363ā§Š) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

The key concept of alienation: The word alienation or isolation belongs to human psychology. According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, alienation means a feeling that does not belong to in a particular group. It is considered a disaster of human life because it is related to frustration which destroys a human being like a slow poising. In Frost’s poetry, sundry aspects of isolation are noticed.

āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ§ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ§ā§€āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§‹āĻœ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Isolation from the immediate environment: Isolation of man from the instant environment is a broad concept in Frost’s poetry. The term instantaneous environment refers to society, nature, sky, stars, and God. By the notion of isolation from the instantaneous environment, the poet means to imply that man feels the pain of being isolated from all, even from the soul, and of eternal loneliness. The poet’s philosophical view of life is determined by the destiny of man and the destiny of man is alone, being detached from all things and beings in the universe. Through this notion of isolation, Robert Frost emphasizes that the feeling of isolation is inevitable for us but it should be enjoyed to the best of our ability.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§€ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

Isolation from society: One of Frost’s significant strategies for managing the issue of isolation is that people become isolated from their own society. It has appeared in several poems. “Mending Wall” is a poem where the poet expresses this kind of isolation. The main idea of ​​the poem is that the young speaker of the poem is disturbed by the idea of ​​his old neighbor:

“Good fences make good neighbors”

If the above short of the poem “Mending Wall” is read from a wide and symbolic point of view, it will reveal that man is separated from people, race, ethnicity. Even international isolation is hidden in the above short line. So, Frost has made it clear to us that the suffering of human beings from isolation is not just because of one’s own destiny. It is rather interwoven like the ecological balance of the environment.

āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ “āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤:

“āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡”

“āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§€ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ, āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

Alienation from God: The theme of isolation has made Frost a religious one because his opinion about man’s apartness from God is strong evidence of his religious faith that cannot be denied. He thinks that strong reasoning results in separation from God. Unconditional surrender to God is a must to set up a blissful mystic communion with him. The poem “The Road not Taken” is a poem of strong reasoning. It not only expresses the crisis of choice but also the absence of prayer.

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

So, the poet suggests that in times of the problem, people must be a decision-maker but they should be dependent on God too so that separation never comes in life. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is an epoch-making poem by Frost in which the poet has shown different types of isolation of the speaker such as apartness from society and God.

He will not see me stopping here

To watch his woods fill up with snow.

In the poem “Home Burial”, the poet represents the dreadful separation of women and so on.

āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ› āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻĻ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ “The Road not Taken” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•āĻŸāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ“ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻĻ  āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€-āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ“ āĻˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤

Conclusion: In light of the above discussion, it is our right to declare that Frost is unique in his ability to handle the issue of isolation, by which he spreads the message that as long as the earth exists there will be isolation or alienation but it must be defended with courage and cunning.

10. Comment on the rural setting in the poems of Robert Frost

Introduction: Pastoralism which is a term of literature contrasts between simple and complicated life. Robert Frost (1874-1963) is a pastoral poet but he has not followed the conventions and traditions of pastoral poetry. He has invented his own methods of composing pastoral poetry and has been successful in doing so. As a result of his invention, he has become a pastoral and modern poet at the same time.

Frost’s pastoralism is not an escape from reality

Many readers may think that Frost’s pastoralism is an attempt to escape from the real world to the ideal world. He returns from city life to rural life to examine city life more deeply. Rural life is an artistic perspective for him from where he can analyze the complicated and problematic urban life. In his poems, Robert Frost contrasts human life and mechanical power by his unique pastoral setting.

Realistic pastoralism in Frost’s poetry

We find realistic pastoralism in Frost’s poetry.  Pastoral elements are masterful or predominant there in his poems, but the readers should not be confused about them. We should know that though there is the prevalence of pastoral elements, Frost is realistic in his poetic vision and sensibility.

Frost’s vision depends on the pastoral setting

In literature, every poet has a personal vision such as in American poetry, Emily Dickinson’s poetic vision is dependent on death and Whitman has a poetic vision based on democracy. In British English poet, for example, Wordsworth’s vision depends on nature, likewise, Frost’s vision out and out depends on the pastoral setting.

Pastoralism connected with the romantic vision

Pastoralism is usually connected with a romantic vision. The commonplace objects and scenery are idealized, glorified, and tinged with imagination. Though Frost has a strong passion for pastoralism, realism forms the basis of vision and art because his poetry is loaded with suggestivity. Frost’s romantic vision has made him classic in terms of forms and interpretation of life-based on realistic interests.

Frost is both pastoral and a modern poet

We cannot call Frost an outdated poet though we find a predominance of pastoral elements in Frost’s poetry. The modern elements are also predominant in his poetry. He shows a strong devotion and keen interest in rural life, but he also shows a great passion and interest in modern elements. His works include the nostalgia that is a pastoral pleasure. He also explores the dreadful aspects of man’s existence in the modern world. So, he is equally successful in treating pastoral as well as modern elements.

Conclusion: To conclude, Frost is a pastoral poet with a difference as he has adopted a pastoral setting only to differentiate between simplicity and complexity.

11. Discuss major themes of Langston Hughes poetry      

Introduction: Langston Hughes (1901-1967) is one of the best poets in American literature. His poetry mainly uses a variety of thematic approaches to present the situation of the black people of America.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Music: Music is one of the special themes of Langston Hughes’s poetry.  He particularly uses music such as blues and jazz. Many of his poems contain an identifiable rhyme or beat to express grief, lost love, anger, and frustration. He has often hinted at music to create a link between past and present. Calling the musical traditions of slaves, Hughes has associated himself with the painful history of African Americans. Like Jazz and the Blues, Hughes’s poetry has a distinctive and thoughtful melody that often portrays stories of sadness, isolation, and loneliness.

āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§€āĻŸ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–, āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ°āĻžāĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ• āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻœāĻžāĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻœāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

The American Dream: Many of Langston Hughes’s poems invoke the theme of the American Dream. In 1931, James Truslow Adams defined the American Dream: “life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” However, Hughes addresses the idea of being deprived of the country, including African American, indigenous-American, low-income immigrant and poor peasant. He depicts that the dignity of freedom and equality is beyond the reach of these peoples, and they are subjected to the brunt of superstition, oppression, and poverty. Their dreams die because of their miserable condition. That is why Hughes often ends his poems in a somewhat optimistic note, expressing his belief that African Americans will one day be free to pursue their dreams.

āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡, āĻœā§‡āĻŽāĻ¸ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻŽāĻ¸ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨: “āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ†āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇāĻ•āĻ¸āĻš āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ¨ā§‹āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Dignity: During Langston Hughes’ time, his African American readers felt that his work directly explored their lives, their hopes, fears, their past, and their dreams. African American characters embody all the complexities of isolated American life. Hughes writes from the perspective of jazz musicians, frustrated dreamers, disadvantaged students, and many more. Hughes’ work focuses on the strength, endurance, and sanctity of their souls in his characters. He also praised their physical beauty, denying the “white” standard of beauty that dominated popular culture in the early 20th century.

āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž, āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨-āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻœāĻžāĻœ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āĻ¤āĻœā§āĻž, āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļā§€, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻžā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ§ā§ˆāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, 20 āĻļāĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ “āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž” āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Aspiration: Hughes often writes about aspiration as dreams. He discovers sundry aspirations such as hidden dreams, lost dreams, and dreams back to life. African Americans were treated like second-class citizens in American law. Hughes believed that this poor social status had forced most African Americans to hide their dreams. Because of this, Hughes manifests the power of dreams in various ways throughout his work. In his poems, Hughes remarks that despite the difficulty of achieving these dreams, it is important to maintain aspirations and dreams. He also writes that if these dreams are dormant for a long time, they can explode.

āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž: āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨, āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡, āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻœāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ is āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Racism: Though Langston Hughes’s tone is softer, he has his own way of denouncing racism and depicting the oppression that African Americans experienced at the hands of the patriarchal system. He alludes to lost and forgotten aspirations, insinuating that African Americans are not allowed access to the American Dream because of their race. He depicts racism as being tied up with religious hypocrisy. Hughes is realistic about the discriminatory environment that he lives in, but he also expresses hope that one day, the racial inequality will perish from the history America.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻĒāĻŸāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻœāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Self-Actualization: Many of the speakers in Langston Hughes’s poems start in situations of despondency and hopelessness. One has argued with a lover, another faces discrimination, a biracial man struggles with his identity, and so on. However, Hughes commonly creates a narrative so that the protagonist/speaker can reach a state of self- actualization. Despite his or her difficult surroundings, these individuals are able to find inherent inner strength which allows them to persevere against the odds.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• / āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“, āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§€āĻŖ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

Conclusion: From the light of the above discussion, it is transparent that Langston Hughes is not rebellious or cruel, he is the poet of humanity who gives the light of dreams and the source of survival in the unspoken darkness.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ› āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšā§€ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

12. Elements of Anti-racialism in Langston Hughes Poetry.

Introduction: Racism stands for the division of a group from another group because of color. This nastic process was inaugurated in the United States of America in the 1600s. According to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary, Racism refers to the unfair treatment of people who belong to a different race; violent behavior to them. In other words, it is a belief that some races of people better than others.

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž 1600 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤

Langston Hughes as an Anti-Racist: Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was a twentieth-century American poet with a strong discussion of racism in his poetry. A moving note of anti-apartheid elements continues throughout most of his poetry.

āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ (1901-1967) āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

The United American dream: Langston Hughes is similar to Martin Luther King Jr in respect to the American dream. The dream of the poet is that America will be a nation of oneness and the people of America must have not a shattered dream. In his poems “I Too Sing America” and “Harlem”, he has advocated for the united dream of America. He asserts that when the dream is postponed, there are no bounds of frustration and despair, but he never loses his hope and his hope is the strength of the black community.

Maybe it just sags

like a heavy load.

So, through bearing a strong united dream, he has disclosed him as an anti-racialist.

āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻĄ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻœā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° “āĻ†āĻ‡ āĻŸā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžâ€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŽâ€ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤

Maybe it just sags

like a heavy load.

āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Racism: As a black American, Langston Hughes could not tolerate the white community’s hostile treatment of Negroes. In all his poems he directly opposes the discriminatory behavior of the white community. In his famous poem “I Too Sing America” ​​the poet describes that one day America will come out of its limitations and appreciate the small Negro ethnic group as its wealth and at that time white people will feel ashamed. In the words of the poet:

Tomorrow,

I’ll be at the table

When company comes.

Nobody’ll dare

Say to me,

“Eat in the kitchen,”

Then.

By these lines, the poet means to say that future will be free from racism. Such thinking and advocacy prove him as a poet of anti-racialism or humanity.

āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ: āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ†āĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨ “āĻ†āĻ‡ āĻŸā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž” -āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸā§āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ¨ā§ƒāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ˛āĻœā§āĻœāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻ•āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Ancientness of the Negro Community: One of the anti apartheid elements of Langston Hughes is the proclamation of the ancientness of the negroes in the civilized human history. At the age of seventeen, he writes the poem “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” in which he mentions the rivers to uphold the ancientness of the black community that is as old as the rivers and free like the rivers. The blacks were not a nation of slave, but they had been slave because of the greediness of the imperialists. As a result of this, this community in an affluent country like America has been struggling from the independence of America but they have not attained their constitutional rights yet.

āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ “āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¸ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸” āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ¤āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

Slavery system: Langston Hughes has symbolically represented slavery system in his poem “The Negro Speaks of America” by referring the golden and muddy Mississippi to link with slavery system and Abraham Lincoln who was the sixteenth president of America and fought for the constitutional rights of the negroes and won over the civil war but still the black community is suffering from their rights. Thus, the poet is an anti-racialist.

āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž: āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž “The Negro Speaks of America” -āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻˇā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ—āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€āĨ¤

Aspiration, dignity and self-realization: In the guise of intellectual and artistic talents, Hughes has stood up against racism. In the well-known poem “The Weary Blues”, the poet depicts the depressing and lonely situation of the Negroes. But he never lost his desire to be dignified. Rather, he tells the readers that every bitter situation for the black community will come to an end if they are not weakened and suffer from lack self-confidence.

Besides,

They’ll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed—

āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽ-āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ: āĻŦā§ŒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļā§ˆāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ “The Weary Blues”, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ‡āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤  āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Conclusion: To conclude, Langston Hughes is not only anti-apartheid, but also a poet of inspiration and aspiration for the the black community and the people of the entire world because of his anti-apartheid message.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‰āĻœ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤

Shihabur Rahaman
Shihabur Rahaman
Articles: 403

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